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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 9- Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for a joint?

A

Articulation

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2
Q

What is the science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction?

A

Arthrology

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3
Q

What is the study of musculoskeletal movement?

A

Kinesiology

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4
Q

What is an extended definition of kinesiology?

A

A branch of biomechanics, which deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes

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5
Q

What is a joint name?

A

Typically derived from the names of the bones involved

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6
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Joints are classified according to the manner in which the bones are bound to each other

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7
Q

What are the four major joint categories?

A
  1. Bony joints
  2. Fibrous joints
  3. Cartilaginous joints
  4. Synovial joints
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8
Q

What’s another name for bony joints?

A

Synostosis

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9
Q

What are bony joints?

A

An immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies, and the bones become, in effect, a single bone.

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10
Q

What are some examples of bony joints?

A
  • Left and right mandibular bones in infants
  • Cranial sutures in elderly
  • Attachment of first rib and sternum with old age
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11
Q

Where can bony joints occur?

A

Can occur in either fibrous or cartilaginous joint

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12
Q

What is another name for fibrous joints?

A

Synarthrosis

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13
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

adjacent bones that are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other

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14
Q

What are the three kinds of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Gomphoses
  3. Syndesmoses
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15
Q

What are sutures?

A

immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints in which short collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other

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16
Q

Sutures can be classified as?

A
  • Serrate: interlocking wavy lines
    • Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures
  • Lap (squamous): overlapping beveled edges
    • Temporal and parietal bones
  • Plane (butt): straight, non-overlapping edges
    • Palatine processes of the maxillae
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17
Q

What is gomphosis(fibrous joint)?

A

attachment of a tooth to its socket

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18
Q

What is holding a gomphosis is place?

A
  • fibrous periodontal ligament
    • Collagen fibers attach tooth to jawbone
    • Allows the tooth to move a little under the stress of chewing
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19
Q

What is a syndesmosis?

A

a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers

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20
Q

Example of a very mobile syndesmosis?

A

Interosseus membrane joining radius to ulna allowing supination and pronation

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21
Q

Example of a less mobile syndesmosis?

A

Joint between tibia to fibula

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22
Q

What’s another name for cartiligenous joints?

A

Amphiarthrosis

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23
Q

What is a cartiligenous joint?

A

Two bones linked by cartilage

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24
Q

The two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Synchondroses
  2. Symphyses
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25
Q

What is a Synchrondrosis?

A

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage

  • Temporary joints in the epiphyseal plates in children
    • Bind epiphysis to diaphysis
  • First rib attachment to sternum
    • Other costal cartilages joined to sternum by synovial joints
26
Q

What is a Symphysis?

A

two bones joined by fibrocartilage

  • Pubic symphysis joins right and left pubic bones with interpubic disc
  • Bodies of vertebrae joined by intervertebral discs
    • Only slight movements between adjacent vertebrae
    • Collective effect of all 23 discs gives spine considerable flexibility
27
Q

What is another name for a synovial joint?

A

Diarthrosis

28
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

joints in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity

  • Most familiar type of joint
  • Most are freely mobile
  • Most structurally complex type of joint
  • Most likely to develop painful dysfunction
  • Most important joints for physical and occupational therapists, athletic coaches, nurses, and fitness trainers
  • Their mobility makes them important to quality of life
29
Q

What connective tissue coonects synovial joints? And how thick is the layer?

A

Articular cartilage—layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of two bones

Usually 2 or 3 mm thick

30
Q

What is synovial fluid? Why is it necessary?

A

Slippery lubricant in joint cavity

  • Rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid
  • Gives it a viscous, slippery texture like raw egg whites
  • Nourishes articular cartilage and removes waste
  • Makes movement of synovial joints almost friction free
31
Q

What is a joint capsule(articular) for?

A

Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid

  • Outer fibrous capsule: continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones
  • Inner, cellular, synovial membrane: composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity
32
Q

What is a tendon?

A

strip of collagenous tissue attaching muscle to bone

33
Q

What is a ligament?

A

strip of collagenous tissue attaching one bone to another

34
Q

What is a bursa?

A

fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between muscles, where tendons pass over bone, or between bone and skin

  • Cushions muscles, helps tendons slide more easily over joints, modifies direction of tendon pull
35
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

Elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon

  • In hand and foot
36
Q

How many classes of synovial joints are there, and what are they?

A
  1. ball-and-socket
  2. condylar
  3. saddle
  4. plane
  5. hinge
  6. pivot
37
Q

Explain a ball and socket joint?

A
  • Smooth, hemispherical head fits within cup-like socket
  • Only multiaxial joints in body
    • Examples: shoulder, hip
38
Q

Explain condylar (ellipsoid) joints?

A
  • Oval convex surface of one bone fits into a complementary-shaped depression on the other
  • Biaxial joints—movement in two planes
  • Examples: radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints
39
Q

What are Saddle joints?

A
  • Both bones have an articular surface that is shaped like a saddle, one concave, the other convex
  • Biaxial joints
    • Examples: trapeziometacarpal (opposable thumb), sternoclavicular joint
40
Q

What are plane (gliding) joints?

A
  • Flat articular surfaces, bones slide over each other
  • Usually biaxial joints
    • Examples: between carpal bones of wrist; between tarsal bones of ankle; also between articular processes of vertebrae
41
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A
  • One bone with convex surface fits into a concave depression of another bone
  • Monoaxial joints—move freely in one plane
    • Examples: elbow, knee, joints within fingers, toes
42
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A
  • A bone spins on its longitudinal axis
  • Monoaxial joints
  • Examples: atlantoaxial joint (C1 and C2), radioulnar joint at the elbow
43
Q

What is Zero position?

A
  • the position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position
    • Joint movements described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it
44
Q

What is Flexion?

A
  • movement that decreases joint angle
    • FLEXING biceps
45
Q

What is extension?

A

movement that straightens a joint and returns a body part to the zero position

46
Q

What is Hyperextension?

A
  • extension of a joint beyond the zero position
    • Flexion and extension occur at nearly all diarthroses, hyperextension is limited to a few
47
Q

What is Abduction?

A
  • movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
    • Hyperabduction: raise arm over back or front of head
48
Q

What is adduction?

A
  • movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline
    • Hyperadduction: crossing fingers, crossing ankles
49
Q

What is elevation?

A

movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

50
Q

What is depression?

A

movement that lowers a body part in the same plane

51
Q

What is protraction?

A

the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

52
Q

What is retraction?

A

posterior movement

53
Q

What is circumduction?

A
  • one end of an appendage remains stationary while other end makes a circular motion
    • Example: an artist circumducts upper limb when painting a circle on a canvas
54
Q

What is rotation?

A
  • movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
    • Rotation of trunk, thigh, head, or arm
    • Medial (internal) rotation turns the bone inward
    • Lateral (external) rotation turns the bone outward
55
Q

What is Supination?

A
56
Q
A
57
Q

What is Pronation?

A
  • forearm movement that turns palm to face either posteriorly or downward
    • Head of radius spins
    • Radius crosses stationary ulna like an X
58
Q

What is Dorsiflexion?

A

elevating toes as you do while swinging foot forward to take a step (heel strike)

59
Q

What is Plantar flexion?

A

extending foot so that toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe (toe-off)

60
Q

What is Inversion?

A

movement in which the soles are turned medially

61
Q

What is Eversion?

A

movement in which the soles are turned laterally

Anatomy and Physiology I (23 decks)

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