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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 10 - The Muscular System Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - The Muscular System Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Lever

A

(Bone) - Rigid structure

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2
Q

Fulcrum

A

(Joint) - Fixed point

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3
Q

Muscles (produce what)

A
  • Apply the forces that produce MOVEMENT
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4
Q

Basic Muscle Concept

A

When a muscle contracts (shortens), a force is generated that acts on bones (or surrounding tissues) to create motion

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5
Q

Components of typical skeletal muscle

A
  1. Origin 2, Insertion 3. Muscle Belly 4. Tendons
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6
Q

Origin

A
  • “Fixed” end; may be called the head of the muscle
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7
Q

Insertion

A
  • “Moveable end
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8
Q

Muscle Belly

A
  • The largest portion of the muscle. It lies between the origin and insertion
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9
Q

Tendons

A
  • Attach muscles to bones
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10
Q

Aponeurosis

A
  • (Sheet-like) - Is a thin, flat tendon located where the muscles attach to large flat regions on the body
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11
Q

Synergists

A
  • Muscles working together to cause a movement
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12
Q

Agonist

A
  • Prime Mover - If one muscle in a group does most of the work involved
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13
Q

Antagonists

A
  • Muscles that cause a movement opposite that of the synergists - flexors/extensosr - adductors/abductors
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14
Q

Stabilizers

A
  • Stabilize the joints
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15
Q

Number of Muscles Identified

A
  • Over 700 - Averaging just over 3 per every bone
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16
Q

Naming Schema for Muscles

A
  1. Origin and Insertion 2. Size 3. Shape 4. Direction of muscle fibers 5. Location 6. Number of Heads 7. Action/Function
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17
Q

Naming: Origin & Insertion

A
  • named landmarks found on the bones - origin is fixed end - insertion moveable end
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18
Q

Naming: Size

A
  1. Maximus 2. Minimus 3. Brevis 4. Major 5. Minor 6. Longus/Longissimus 7. Teres
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19
Q

Naming: Shape

A
  1. Triangular 2. Trapezoid 3. Saw-Toothed 4. Rhomboid 5. Round
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20
Q

Naming: Direction of Muscle Fibers

A
  1. Rectus: runs parrell to the midline of the body 2. Perpendicular: runs at a right angle to the midline of the body 3. Angle
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21
Q

Naming: Location

A

-May indicate a nearby bone or body region

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22
Q

Naming: Number of Heads

A
  • multiple heads or attachments
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23
Q

Naming: Action/Function

A
  • Terms such as FLEXOR, EXTENSOR, ABDUCTOR, and ADDUCTOR are all added to muscle names to indicate the kind of movement generated by the muscle.
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24
Q

Muscle Shapes

A
  1. Pennate: feather-shaped 2. Parallel: fasciculi run in line w/tendon 3, Convergent: triangle shaped 4. Circular: circle shaped
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25
Q

Fascicles

A
  • Muscle fibers are grouped into bundles called Fascicles
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26
Q

Levers

A
  • Three classes of levers with respect to skeletal muscle function: 1. Class I - see saw R-F-AF 2. Class II - loaded wheel barrel F - R - AF 3. Class III (most common in the body) ladder against building - F - AF - R
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27
Q

Frontalis

A

-Forehead -Raises eye brows, wrinkles forehead

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28
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A
  • Around the eyelids - Closes the eyes
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29
Q

Buccinator

A
  • Lines the cheeks - Compresses cheek
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30
Q

Orbicularis oris

A
  • Around the lips - Purses the lips
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31
Q

Zygomaticus

A
  • Upper cheek - Elevates corner of mouth
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32
Q

Depressor Anguli Oris

A
  • Side of the chin - Depresses corner of the mouth
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33
Q

Temporalis

A
  • Side of head above ear - Elevates mandible
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34
Q

Masseter

A
  • Rear of the cheek - strongest muscle in the jaw - Elevated mandible
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35
Q

SCM

A
  • Side of the neck - Rotates the neck opposite side, laterally flex same side
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36
Q

Platysma

A
  • Side of neck superficial - Tenses neck, depresses mandible
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37
Q

Scalenes

A
  • Deep, side of neck - Elevated ribs, flexes neck
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38
Q

Torticollis

A
  • “pinched nerve” in neck - Acute spasm of the SCM - Usually caused by a cervical acceleration - deceleration injury
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39
Q

Erector Spinae - Iliocostalis

A
  • Deep posterior trunk muscles - Extension of the spine
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40
Q

Erector Spinae - Longissimus

A
  • Along the back, from head to sacrum - Extension of the spine
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41
Q

Erector Spinae - Spinalis

A
  • ?? - Extension of the Spine
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42
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

A
  • Deepest layer of post trunk muscles - Depress ribs, lateral flex vertebral column
43
Q

Multifidus

A
  • Deep anterior, trunk muscle - Extends spine, rotates to opposite side
44
Q

Intercostalis

A
  • Between the ribs - Raises, depresses ribs
45
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • Between thoracic and abdominal cavity = Expands thoracic cavity
46
Q

Abdominal Obliques (External, Internal, Transverse abdominus)

A
  • The three layers of abs - Depresses ribs, flexes the spine
47
Q

Rectus Abdominus

A
  • Anterior abdominal wall, ribs to pelvis - Flexes spine
48
Q

Urethral Sphincter

A
  • Encircles the urethra - Prevents urine from escaping the urinary system
49
Q

Anal sphincter

A
  • Encircles the anus - Closes the anus
50
Q

Levator ani

A
  • Forms part of the pelvic floor - Elevates and retracts the anus
51
Q

Trapezius

A
  • Upper back, back of head and neck, to clavicle and scapula - Multiple motions of the upper trunk
52
Q

Serratus anterior

A
  • Between ribs and scapula - Protracts scapula
53
Q

Levator scapulae

A
  • Cervical spine to scapula - Elevates scapula
54
Q

Rhomboids (major & minor)

A
  • Cervical and thoracic vertebrae to scapula - Adduct scapula
55
Q

Pectoralis minor

A
  • Ribs to scapula - Depresses and protracts shoulders
56
Q

Deltoid

A
  • Tip of the should to humerus - Flex, abduction, extension of humerus
57
Q

Lattisimus dorsi

A
  • Middle of back to humerus - Extension adduction, med rotation of shoulder
58
Q

Pectoralis major

A
  • Upper chest to humerus - Flexion, adduction, medial rotation of shoulder
59
Q

Supraspinatus

A
  • Posterior, superior edge of scapula to humerus - Abduction of shoulder
60
Q

Infraspinatus

A
  • Shoulder blade of scapula to humerus - Lateral rotation of shoulder
61
Q

Teres minor

A
  • Posterior, inferior edge of scapula to humerus - Lateral rotation of shoulder
62
Q

Subscapularis

A
  • Anterior scapula to humerus - Depress, protract the shoulder
63
Q

Teres major

A
  • Posterior, inferior edge to scapula to humerus - Extensions, adduction, medial rotation of shoulder
64
Q

Coracobrachialis

A
  • Anterior scapula to humerus - Adduction, flexion of shoulder
65
Q

Biceps brachii

A
  • Anterior surface of arm - Flexion of elbow, and supination
66
Q

Brachioradialis

A
  • Extends from lower humerus and adjacent forearm to lateral tip of radius - Flexion of elbow
67
Q

Brachialis

A
  • Deep to the biceps - Flexion of elbow
68
Q

Triceps brachii

A
  • Posterior surface of arm - Extension of elbow
69
Q

Supinator

A
  • Anterior proximal ulna superficial - Pronation of forearm
70
Q

Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers

A
  1. Flexor carpi muscles 2. Extensor carpi muscles 3. Flexor and extensor digitorum muscles
71
Q

Flexor carpi muscles

A
  • Anterior side of forearm - Flexion of wrist
72
Q

Extensor carpi muscles

A
  • Posterior side of forearm - Extension of wrist
73
Q

Flexor and Extensor digitorum muscles

A
  • Anterior and posterior sides of the forearm tendons extending to the bones of the fingers - Flexion and extension of the digists
74
Q

Retinaculum (wrist)

A
  • a “bracelet” covers the flexor and extensor tendons around the wrist; holding them in place to prevent “bowstringing” during contraction
75
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

A
  • tennis elbow - pain originating where the extensor forearm muscles originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
76
Q

Palm

A
  • two “pads” are formed by hand muscles on the anterior palm
77
Q

Thenar Eminence

A
  • located on the radial aspect and is involved with thumb movement
78
Q

Hypothenar Eminence

A
  • located on the ulnar aspect and is involved with pinky movement
79
Q

Gluteus maximus

A
  • Large buttock muscle - Extension and lateral rotation of the hip
80
Q

Gluteus Minimus

A
  • Under gluteus maximus between hip - Abduction, medial rotation of the hip
81
Q

Adductors

A
  • Medial (inner) region of the thigh - Adduction of leg
82
Q

Gracilis

A
  • Medial (inner) region of the thigh - Flex knee, adduction and medial rotation of the hip
83
Q

Iliopsoas

A
  • Anterior, superior thigh - Flexion of the hip
84
Q

Tensor fascia latae

A
  • Lateral hip - Flexion and medial rotation of the hip
85
Q

Piriformis

A
  • Deep gluteal muscle - Lateral rotation and abduction of hip
86
Q

Groin Pull

A
  • muscular spasm in one or more of the adductor muscles
87
Q

Piriformis syndrome

A
  • A condition where the sciatic nerve is impinged by the piriformis muscle. - Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in the groin, thigh, or buttock region, and possibly sexual dysfunction
88
Q

Biceps femoris (hamstring)

A
  • Posterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibula - Flexion of the knee
89
Q

Semimebranosus

A
  • Posterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibula - Flexion of the knee
90
Q

Semitendinosus

A
  • Posterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibula - Flexion of the knee
91
Q

Sartorius

A
  • Crosses anterior thigh; extends from pelvis to toe - Flexion of knee, flexion and lateral rotation of the hip
92
Q

Rectus femoris (quadriceps muscle)

A
  • Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular - Extension of the knee
93
Q

Vastus lateralis

A
  • Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular - Extension of the knee
94
Q

Vastus medialis

A
  • Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular - Extension of the knee
95
Q

Vastus intermedius

A
  • Anterior surface of thigh; extends from lower pelvis to tibia and fibular - Extension of the knee
96
Q

Quadriceps tendon

A
  • the quadriceps femoris muscles converge onto one tendon which secures the Patella - After crossing the patella, the tendon is then named the patellar tendon
97
Q

Tibialis anterior

A
  • Anterior and lateral side of tibia; extends to foot - Dorisflexion of ankle, inversion of foot
98
Q

Gastrocnemius

A
  • Poterior leg (“calf”) between femur and heel - Plantar flexion of ankle, inversion and adduction of the foot, flexion of the knee
99
Q

Pereneus (aka Fibularis)

A
  • Posterior leg; extends from fibula and tibia to heel - Eversion, and plantar flexion of the foot
100
Q

Soleus

A
  • Posterior leg; extends from fibula and tibia to heel - Plantar flexion of ankle, adduction of foot
101
Q

Flexor and Extensor digitorum muscles (several)

A
  • Anterior and posterior leg; extends to bone of toe - Flexion and extension of the toes
102
Q

Calcaneal Tendon (aka Achilles Tendon)

A
  • gastrocnemius and soleus tendons converge to form
103
Q

Rotator Cuff

A
  1. Suprasinatus 2. Infraspinatus 3. Subscapularis 4. Teres minor
104
Q

Aging and Muscular System

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle fibers become smaller in diameter. 2. Skeletal Muscles become less elastic 3. Tolerance for exercise decreases 4. Ability to recover from muscular injuries decreases

Anatomy and Physiology I (23 decks)

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