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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 6: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis?

A
  • stem cells–produce keratinocytes (involved in mitosis)
  • keratinocytes–produce the fibrous protein kertain (melanin is thrown in here)
  • Melanocytes–produce the pigment melanin
  • Dendritic cells–(Langerhan’s cells) macrophages that are part of the immune system
  • Tacticle cells–(Merkel cells) touch receptors
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2
Q

How is thick skin different from thin skin?

A
  • Thick skin is found only on palms of hands and soles of feet
  • thick epidermis with ridges (make fingerprints!) and thick stratum corneum
  • Has Stratum lucidum
  • No hair follicles or sebaceous glands
  • has more sweat glands and sensory receptors
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3
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • regulation of body temperature
    • sweating, vasodilation and constriction of blood cells
  • protection
    • against bacteria, UV, light, abrasion, dehydration, chemicals
  • sensory receptors
  • excretion and absorption
  • synthesis of Vitamin D
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4
Q

What are the layers /sublayers of the integumentary system and their components?

A

Cutaneous membrane (skin)

  • epidermis
    • 5 layers
  • dermis
    • Papillary
      • areolar tissue
      • tactile (Meissner corpuscles)
    • Reticular
      • dense irregular connective tissue
      • oil glands, sweat glands, fat, and hair follicles, Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

Subcutaneous membrane

  • hypodermis or superficial fascia
    • adipose and areolar
    • thicker in women, thinner in children and elderly
    • on top of muscle
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5
Q

What is the structure of the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum Basale

  • combination of tactile cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes, and stem cells
  • cells journey from here to the surface

Stratum Spinosum

  • 8 to 10 cell layers held together by tight junctions and desmosomes

Stratum Granulosum

  • 3-5 layers of flat, dying cells
  • contain dark keratohyalin granules

Stratum Lucidum

  • 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells

Stratum Corneum

  • 20 to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with Keratin and surrounded by lipids
  • continually shed
  • resist abrasion, water loss, penetration of bacteria and chemicals
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6
Q

Where are friction ridges formed?

A

Where dermal papillae are more pronounced in thick skin (palms, soles, finger prints, and footprints)

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7
Q

What are the 3 skin color pigments?

A
  • Melanin
    • same number of melanocytes in everyone (some are stronger)
    • yellow to tan to black
  • Carotene
    • yellow-orange pigment
    • fat and stratum corneum
  • Hemoglobin
    • red, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells
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8
Q

What are conditions in which skin color may act as a diagnostic clue?

A
  • Cyanosis: blue, lack of oxygen
  • Hematoma: bruise
  • Alibinism: no melanin
  • Pallor: white, shock
  • Erythema: red, infection, fever
  • Jaundice: yellow, liver problems

CHAPEJ

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9
Q

What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?

A
  • Hair
  • nails
  • Sudoriferous glands
  • Sebaceous glands
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10
Q

What is the structure of hair?

A
  • Bulb
    • contains matrix (which makes hair)
  • Root (below skin)
  • Shaft (above skin)
    • medulla / cortex / cuticle
    • center layer/ outer layer / outmost layer
  • hair is packed Keratin cells (all dead)
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11
Q

What are the accessory structures and functions of hair?

A

Structures

  • accertor pili (Piloerector)
    • smooth muscle contracts in cold or fear, forms goosebumps
  • Hair root plexus (nerves, detect hair movement)

Function

  • protection
  • heat retention
  • light touch
  • excretion
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12
Q

What is the structure of a nail?

A
  • scalelike modification of epidermis
  • nail matrix produces tightly packed keratinized cells
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13
Q

What are the 4 glands and their components?

A
  • Merocrine (Eccrine) glands
    • ducts open to surface
    • most areas of skin
    • sweat glands
  • Apocrine
    • misnamed (function through exocytosis like eccrine)
    • duct opens into hair follicle
    • secretes pheromones
    • respond to stress and sexual stimulation
    • pubic area, armpit, develop after puberty, form BO
  • Mammary Glands
    • milk
  • Ceruminous glands
    • ear wax
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14
Q

What are the 3 major types of skin cancer and their components?

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma
    • most common
    • least malignant
    • small, shiny bump with central depression and beaded edges
    • form in stratum basale
  • Squamos cell carcinoma
    • may metastasize if not removed
      • early detection and surgical removal
      • spread to lymph nodes = lethal
    • arises from keratinocytes on stratum spinosum
    • raised, reddened, scaly appearance (turn into concave ulcer)
  • Melanoma
    • arises from melanocytes
    • least common (>5%) but very malignant
    • can be removed if caught early
    • higher in men, redheads, bad sunburns as child, genetic risk greatest
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15
Q

What are the warning signs of Melanoma?

A

Asymmetry

Border

Color

  • normal has one color, abnormal has 2 or more or changes color

Diameter

  • normal is size of pencil eraser

Elevation / evolution

  • normal is flat and doesn’t change
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16
Q

What are burns and their types?

A
  • Burns are caused by heat, electricity, and chemicals
  • May result in shock due to dehydration and loss of plasma proteins, circulatory and kidney problems from loss of plasma, and bacterial infection
  • First degree
    • only epidermis (sunburn)
  • Second degree
    • destroys epidermis and part of dermis
    • fluid filled blisters separater dermis and epidermis
    • heals with grafting in 3-4 weeks, may scar
  • Third degree
    • destroy epidermis, dermis, and possibly muscle
    • damaged area numb due to loss of sensory nerves
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17
Q

What in the skin provides resistance to trauma and infection?

A
  • Keratin
  • Dermacidin and defensins
  • Acid mantle
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18
Q

What are some barrier functions of the skin?

A
  • Water
  • UV radiation
  • Harmful chemicals
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19
Q

What is vitamin D synthesis?

A
  • Skin carries out first step
  • Liver and kidneys complete process
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20
Q

What sense does the skin use?

A
  • Skin is an extensive sense organ
  • Receptors for temperature, touch, pain, and more
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21
Q

How does the skin use thermoregulation?

A
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Vasoconstriction/vasodilation
  • Perspiration
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22
Q

How does the skin use nonverbal communication?

A
  • Facial expression
  • Importance in social acceptance and self image
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23
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

Consists of the skin and accessory organs; hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

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24
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A
  • Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium
  • Dermis: deeper connective tissue layer
    • Hypodermis—connective tissue layer below dermis (not part of skin, but associated with it)
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25
Q

How large is the skin?

A
  • Skin is the body’s largest and heaviest organ
  • Covers 1.5 to ; composes 15% of body weight
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26
Q

What’s the range of the skin’s thickness?

A
  • Skin thickness ranges from 0.5 to 6 mm
  • Thick skin covers front of hands, bottoms of feet
    • Has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands
    • Epidermis 0.5 mm thick
  • Thin skin covers rest of the body
    • Possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
    • Epidermis about 0.1 mm thick
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27
Q

What’s so special about the epidermis?

A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Includes dead cells at skin surface packed with tough keratin protein
    • Lacks blood vessels
  • Depends on the diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissue
    • Contains sparse nerve endings for touch and pain
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28
Q

What are the five epidermal cell types?

A
  1. Stem cell
  2. Keratinocytes
  3. Melanocytes
  4. Tactile cells
  5. Dendritic cells
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29
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes

In deepest layer of epidermis (stratum basale)

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30
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A
  • Great majority of epidermal cells
  • Synthesize keratin
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31
Q

What are melanocytes?

A
  • Synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation
  • Occur only in stratum basale but have branched processes that spread among keratinocytes and distribute melanin
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32
Q

What are the tactile cells?

A
  • Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers
  • In basal layer of epidermis
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33
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A
  • Macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens
  • Found in stratum spinosum and granulosum
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34
Q

How many layers of skin do we have, and what are their names?

A

Thin skin contains four strata; thick skin contains five strata

  1. Stratum basale (deepest epidermal layer)
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum (surface layer)
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35
Q

What is Stratum basale (deepest epidermal layer)?

A
  • A single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane
  • Stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward skin surface to replace lost cells
  • Also contains a few melanocytes and tactile cells
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36
Q

What is Stratum spinosum?

A
  • Several layers of keratinocytes joined together
  • Named for appearance of cells after histological preparation (spiny)
  • Also contains some dendritic cells
37
Q

What is Stratum granulosum?

A
  • Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes
  • Cells contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules
38
Q

What is Stratum lucidum?

A
  • Thin, pale layer found only in thick skin
  • Keratinocytes packed with clear protein eleidin
39
Q

What is Stratum corneum (surface layer)?

A
  • Several layers (up to 30) of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
  • Resists abrasion, penetration, water loss
40
Q

How are keratinocytes produced?

A
  • Keratinocytes are produced by mitosis of stem cells in stratum basale or mitosis of keratinocytes in deepest part of stratum spinosum
    • Mitosis requires abundant oxygen and nutrients, so once cells migrate away from blood vessels of the dermis, mitosis cannot occur
41
Q

How do we re-create new skin?

A
  • New keratinocytes push older ones toward the surface
  • Over time, keratinocytes flatten, produce more keratin and membrane-coating vesicles
  • In 30 to 40 days a keratinocyte makes its way to the skin surface and flakes off (exfoliates) as dander
  • Slower in old age
  • Faster in injured or stressed skin
42
Q

What are calluses or corns?

A
  • Thick accumulations of dead keratinocytes on hands or feet
43
Q

What is the dermis?

A
  • connective tissue layer beneath epidermis
  • Ranges from 0.2 mm (eyelids) to 4 mm (palms, soles)
  • Composed mainly of collagen
  • Well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings
44
Q

What houses hair follicles and nail roots?

A

The dermis layer

45
Q

What tissue uses facial expression of emotion and attaches to the skeletal muscle for smiles?

A

The dermis layer

46
Q

what does the dermis layer look like?

A
  • Has a wavy, conspicuous boundary with the superficial epidermis
  • Dermal papillae are upward, finger-like extensions of dermis
  • Epidermal ridges are downward waves of epidermis
  • Prominent waves on fingers produce friction ridges of fingerprints
47
Q

What is the Papillary layer?

A
  • Superficial zone of dermis
  • Thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papilla
  • Allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells
  • Rich in small blood vessels
48
Q

What is the Reticular layer?

A
  • deeper and thicker layer of dermis
  • Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue
49
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A
  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Has more areolar and adipose than dermis has
  • Pads body and binds skin to underlying tissues
  • Common site of drug injection since it has many blood vessels
50
Q

What is subcutaneous fat?

A
  • Energy reservoir
  • Thermal insulation
  • Thicker in women
  • Thinner in infants, elderly
51
Q

What is melanin?

A
  • Most significant factor in skin color
  • Produced by melanocytes, accumulates in keratinocytes
  • Two forms of the pigment:
  • Eumelanin—brownish black
  • Pheomelanin—reddish yellow (sulfur-containing)
52
Q

What’s the difference in people’s melanin?

A

Darker skinned people

  • Produce greater quantities of melanin
  • Melanin breaks down more slowly
  • Melanin granules more spread out in keratinocytes
  • Melanized cells seen throughout the epidermis

Lighter skinned people

  • Melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus
  • Little melanin seen beyond stratum basale
53
Q

Who has more of melanin?

A

People of different skin colors have the same number of melanocytes

54
Q

What causes the skin to get darker?

A
  • Exposure to UV light stimulates melanin secretion and darkens skin
  • This color fades as melanin is degraded and old cells are exfoliated
55
Q

What other pigments can influence your skin color?

A
  • Hemoglobin—pigment in red blood cells
    • Adds reddish to pinkish hue to skin
  • Carotene—yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables
    • Concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat
56
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

blueness due to oxygen deficiency

57
Q

What is erythema?

A

redness due to increased blood flow to skin

58
Q

What is albinism?

A

milky white skin and blue-gray eyes due to genetic lack of melanin synthesizing enzyme

59
Q

What is jaundice?

A

yellowing due to bilirubin in blood (can be caused by compromised liver function)

60
Q

What is hematoma?

A

bruising (clotted blood under skin)

61
Q

How long is our hair?

A

Hair is divisible into three zones along its length.

62
Q

What are the parts of a hair follicle?

A
  • Bulb
  • Root
  • Shaft
  • Dermal papilla
  • Hair matrix
  • Follicle
  • Epithelial root sheath
  • Piloerector muscle(arrector pili)
  • Hair receptors
  • Connective tissue root sheath
63
Q

What is the hair’s bulb?

A
  • a swelling at the base where hair originates in dermis or hypodermis
    • Only living hair cells are in or near bulb
64
Q

What is the hair’s root?

A

the remainder of the hair in the follicle

65
Q

What is the hair’s shaft?

A

the portion above the skin surface

66
Q

What is dermal papilla?

A
  • Bud of vascular connective tissue encased by bulb
    • Only source of nutrition for hair
67
Q

What is the hair matrix?

A
  • Region of mitotically active cells immediately above papilla.
    • Hair’s growth center
68
Q

What is the hair’s follicle?

A

diagonal tube that extends into dermis and possibly hypodermis

69
Q

What is the epithelial root sheath?

A
  • Extension of the epidermis lying adjacent to hair root
  • Widens at deep end into bulge—source of stem cells for follicle growth
70
Q

What is the connective tissue root sheath?

A

Derived from dermis but a bit denser

Surrounds epithelial root sheath

71
Q

What are hair receptors?

A

sensory nerve fibers entwining follicles

72
Q

What is Piloerector muscle (arrector pili)?

A
  • Smooth muscle attaching follicle to dermis
    • Contracts to make hair stand on end (goose bumps)
73
Q

Where do fingernails and toenails come from?

A

clear, hard derivatives of stratum corneum

74
Q

What are fingernails and toenails made of?

A

thin, dead cells packed with hard keratin

75
Q

What are the functions of our nails?

A
  • Improve grooming, picking apart food, other manipulations
  • Provide a counterforce to enhance sensitivity of fleshy fingertips to tiny objects
76
Q

What is the nail plate?

A

Hard part of the nail

77
Q

What is the free edge of the nail?

A

Overhangs the fingertip

78
Q

what is the nail body?

A

Visible attached part of nail

79
Q

What is the nail root?

A

extends proximally under overlying skin

80
Q

What is the nail fold?

A

Surrounding skin rising above nail

81
Q

What is the nail groove?

A

Separates nail fold from nail plate

82
Q

what is the nail bed?

A

Skin underlying the nail plate

83
Q

what is the hyponychium?

A

Epidermis of the nail bed

84
Q

what is the nail matrix?

A
  • growth zone (mitotic) of thickened stratum basale at proximal end of nail
  • 1 mm per week in fingernails, slightly slower in toenails
85
Q

What’s the lunule?

A
  • opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail due to thickness of matrix
86
Q

What’s the eponychium(cuticle)?

A

Narrow zone of dead skin overhanging proximal end of nail

87
Q

how many types of sweat(sudoriferous) glands do we have and what are their names?

A
  1. Apocrine
  2. Merocrine
88
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands?

A
  • Locations: groin, anal region, axilla, areola, beard area in men
    • Inactive until puberty
  • Ducts lead to nearby hair follicles
  • Produce sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids
  • Respond to stress and sexual stimulation
  • Believed to secrete pheromones—chemicals that can influence behavior of others

Anatomy and Physiology I (23 decks)

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