Chapter 9: Joints Flashcards
Anthology
Study of joints
Kinesiology
Study of motion of joints
Fibrous Joint
No synovial cavity. Bones are held together by dense irregular CT. Rich in collegian fibers.
Permit little to no movement.
Types:
1: Suture
2. Syndermosis
3. Interosseous membrane
Cartilaginous Joint
No synovial cavity. Bones are held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
Little to no movement
3 types:
1. Syncondrosis
2. Symphyses
3.Epiphyseal cartilages
Synovial Joint
Has synovial cavity between articulating bones. Unites by dense irregular CT of articular capsule. Often accessory ligaments.
Diarthroses: freely movable joint
Synarthrosis
An immovable joint.
Amiphiarthrosis
A slight movable joint
Diarthrosis
A freely movable joint. These joints are synovial joints. Have variety of shapes and permit different types of movements.
Synostosis
Joint in which there is a complete fusion of 2 separate bones into one.
Articular Cartilage
Layer of hyaline cartilage, covers bones at synovial joint
Ligaments
Factor that holds bones close together in a synovial joint
Synovial Membrane
Inner layer of articular capsule
Secretes synovial fluid
Labrum
Fibrocartilaginous lip, extends from edge of joint socket. Prominent in ball and socket joints of shoulder and hip.
Bursae
Saclike structures filled with fluid, strategically situated to alleviate friction in synovial joints. Such as shoulder and knee joint.
Tendon Sheaths
Or synovial sheaths
Tubelike bursae. Reduce friction at joints. Wrap around certain tendons that experience friction.
Gliding
Movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back and forth and side to side over one another. Little change in angle between bones.
Angular
Increase or decrease in angle between bones
Flexion
Decrease in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane
Lateral Flexion
Movement of trunk in frontal plane
Extension
Increase in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane
Hyperextension
Extension beyond anatomical postion.
Abduction
Movement of bone away from midline, usually in frontal plane.
Addiction
Movement of bone toward midline, usually in frontal plane.
Cirumduction
Flexion, extension, abduction, abduction, and rotation in succession. Distal end of body part moves in circle.
Rotation
Movement of bone around longitudinal axis. In limbs may be medial or lateral.
Special
Occurs at specific joints
Elevation
Superior movement of body part
Depression
Inferior movement of body part
Protraction
Anterior movement of body part in transverse plane
Retraction
Posterior movement of body part in transverse plane.
Inversion
Medial movement of sole
Eversion
Lateral movement of sole
Dorsiflexion
Bending foot at the ankle in direction of dorsum
Plantar flexion
Bending foot at the ankle in direction of plantar surface
Supination
Movement of forearm that turns palm anteriorly
Pronation
Movement of forearm that turns palm posteriorly
Opposition
Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand.
Triaxial (Multiaxial)
Joint that rotates in addition to sliding. permits movement in 3 axes. Back and forth, side to side, rotation
Example: Plane Joint
Uniaxial (Monaxial)
Typically allow motion around a single (one) axis. Flexion and extension.
Example: hinge joint
Biaxial
Freely moveable joint, permitting movement in 2 axes. Back and forth, side to side
Joints
Point of contact between two bones, bones and cartilage or bones and teeth.
Diarthroses
Freely moveable joint
Types of Fibrous Joints
- Suture
- Syndemosis
- Interosseous membrane
Types of Cartilage Joints
1.Synchrondroses
2. Symphyses
3. Epiphyseal Cartilage
Suture
Fibrous Joint thin layer of dense CT
Allows little movement in infants, no movement in adults
Found in the skull
Plays important role in shock absorption
Syndemosis
Fibrous Joint
More Dense CT present than in suture
Band or ligament
Greater distance present between articulating joints
Interosseous Membrane
Fibrous Joint
Sheet of Dense CT
Binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement
One between radius and ulna
One between tibia and fibula
Synchondrosis
Cartilage Joint
Connecting material contains hyaline cartilage
Slightly moveable to immovable
Symphyses
Cartilage joint
Articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage but a flat disc of fibrous cartilage connects the bones
Found only in the middle of the body
Epiphyseal Membrane
Cartilage joint
Hyaline cartilage growth center
Not a joint associated with movement
Articular Capsule
Sleeve like capsule, surrounds and encloses the synovial joint. Unites articulating bones.
Synovial Fluid
Viscous, clear to pale yellow fluid
Secreted by synovial membrane
Consists of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid formed from blood plasma
Forms thin layer over surfaces with articular capsule
Function: reducing joint friction, absorbs shock, supplies o2 and nutrients to chondrocytes.
Extracapsular Ligament
Accessory Ligament
Line the outside of the capsule
Intracapsular Ligament
Accessory ligaments
Occurs within the capsule
Articular Disc
Crescent shaped pads of fibrocartilage
Line between articular surfaces of bones
Binds strongly to inside of fibrous membrane
Subdivides synovial cavity into two spaces, allows for separate movements
Types of Synovial Joint
Characterized by synovial cavity, articular cartilage and articular capsule (joint).
Temporamandibular Joint
Hinge and plane joint. Formed by condylar process and mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone.
This joint is the only freely movable joint between the skull bones
Shoulder Joint
Ball and socket joint
Formed by head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Contains:
Coraconhumeral (strengthens) glenohumeral (Stabilizes) and transverse Humeral ligament (holds onto biceps muscles)
Elbow Joint
Hinge Joint
Contains:
Ulnar collateral (deepens socket), radial collateral (strong, extends from humerus to radius) and anular ligaments (strong, holds head of radius to ulna)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Limits hyperflexion of the knee.
Prevents anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
Runs diagonally in the middle of the knee.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Prevent posterior sliding of the tibia when knee is flexed.
Important with walking down stairs or steep incline.
Located inside the knee, behind the ACL. Stronger than ACL.
Extends from the rear surface of tibia to the bottom from of the femur.
Structural Classification of Joints
- Presence or absence of a space between articulating joints.
- Type of CT that binds bones together.
Functional Classification of Joints
Related to the degree of movement joints permit.
Plane Joint
Synovial joint
Articulating surface flat or slightly curved.
Gliding joint
Biaxial Diarthroses : back/forth, side to side
Some Triaxial Diarthroses: back/forth, side to side, rotation
Intercarpal
Hinge Joint
Synovial Joint
Convex surface fits into concave surface
Flexion and extension joint
Uniaxial Diarthroses: flexion/extension
Elbow or knee
Pivot Joint
Synovial Joint
Rounded or pointed surface. Fits into ring formed by bone and ligaments.
Uniaxial Diarthrosis: rotation
Neck
Condyloid Joint
Synovial Joint
Oval shaped projection fits into oval shaped depression
Biaxial Diarthrosis: flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
Wrist joint
Saddle Joint
Synovial Joint
Articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped. Other articulating bone fits into saddle.
Biaxial Diarthrosis: flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
Metacarpal of thumb
Ball and Socket joint
Synovial Joint
Ball like surface fits into cup like depression
Triaxial Diarthrosis: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation
Shoulder and hip joints
Nerve Supply of Synovial Joint
Convey information about pain from joint to spinal cord and brain.
Respond to degree of movement and stretch to a joint by sending impulses to the muscles to adjust body movements.
Blood Supply of Synovial Joint
Arteries: send out brackets that penetrate the ligament and articular capsule to deliver O2 and nutrients
Veins remove CO2 and water from joints
