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Biology 235 > Chapter 3: The Cellular Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Cellular Level Of Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells

A

Are the basic, living, structures and functional units of the body

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2
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid portion of cytoplasm, surrounds organelles

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3
Q

Cell 3 Main Parts

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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4
Q

Chromosome

A

A single molecule of DNA

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5
Q

Genes

A

Hereditary units that control most aspects of cellular structure and function.

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6
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
  2. Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
  3. Helps identify the cell to other cells.
  4. Participates in intercellular signing.
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7
Q

Amphipathic

A

Have brother polar and non polar parts

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8
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

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9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing

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10
Q

Glucocalyx

A

Extensive sugary coat formed by carbohydrate portions of glycolipids/proteins.

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11
Q

Ion Channels

A

Integral transmembrane proteins that contain poles or holes that allow passage of small, inorganic ions that are too hydrophilic to penetrate non polar interior of the lipid belayer.

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12
Q

Channel Gated

A

Channel is said to be gated when part of the channel proteins acts as a plug or gate changing shape in one way to open the pore and in another way to close it.

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

Type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.

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14
Q

Tonicity

A

Is a measure of the solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.

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15
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

A solution in which a cell maintains it normal shape.

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16
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes.

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17
Q

Hemolysis

A

Water molecules enter the cells faster than they leave causing RBC to swell and burst.

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18
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes

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19
Q

Crenation

A

Water molecules move out of the cells faster than they enter, causing the cells to shrink.

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20
Q

Endocytosis

A

Materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the PM.

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21
Q

Exocytosis

A

Materials move out of a cell with the PM of vesicles formed inside the cell.

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22
Q

Vesicle

A

Small spherical sac. Transports substances to structures within a cell.

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23
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Form of Endocytosis.
Cell eating. Engulfs large solid particles.
Like: worn out cells, whole bacteria, viruses.

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24
Q

Phagocytes
2 Main Types

A

Body cells that carry out phagocytosis
1. Macrophages: located in body tissue
2.Neutrophils: Type of WBC

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25
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Or bulk phase Endocytosis
Cell drinking, tiny droplets of extracellular fluid is taken up.
PM folds inward and forms a vesicle containing a droplet of extracellular fluid.

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26
Q

Transcytosis

A

Vesicles undergo Endocytosis on one side of the cell, move across the cell and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side.

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27
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol.
Contain: micro filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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28
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton. Generates movement, mechanical support.

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29
Q

Microvilli

A

Mechanical support for cell extension. They are microscopic finger like projections. They greatly increase the surface area of the cell.

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30
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Part of the cytoskeleton that is thicker than microfilaments, thinner than microtubules.
Exceptionally strong, help stabilize the position of organelles.

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31
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest of the cytoskeleton components.
Are long unbranched hollow tubes composed of mainly protein tubular.

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32
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized structures within a cell that have characteristics shapes and perform specific functions for cell growth, maintenance and reproduction.

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33
Q

Autophagy

A

Process by which entire worn out organelles are digested

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34
Q

Autophagosome

A

Vesicle created by the ER that enclose an organelle to be digested in autophagy.

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35
Q

Autolysis

A

Lysosomal enzyme that may destroy the the entire cell that contains them.

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36
Q

Apoptosis

A

Genetically programmed death of a cell.

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37
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double membrane lipid bilayer, separates nucleus from the cytoplasm.

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38
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Openings that extend through nuclear envelope. Allow substances of all sizes to pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Allows ribosomes and proteins to pass.

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39
Q

Nucleoli

A

One or more spherical bodies inside the nucleus.
Function: producing ribosomes.

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40
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and some RNA

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41
Q

Genome

A

The total genetic information carried in a cell or organism.

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42
Q

Nucleosome

A

Double stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of 8 proteins. Is a bead on a string structure in chromatin.

43
Q

Histones

A

Core of eight proteins help organize the coiling and folding of DNA

44
Q

Linker DNA

A

String between beads, holds adjacent nucleosomes together

45
Q

Chromatin Fiber

A

Created when histones promote coiling of nucleosomes into large diameter fiber, that folds into large loops.
Created in cells that do not divide.

46
Q

Chromatids

A

A pair of condensed loops, before cell division, replicates DNA

47
Q

Proteome

A

Refers to all of an organisms proteins

48
Q

Base Triplet

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA

49
Q

Codon

A

DNA base triplet that is transcribes as a complementary sequence of 3 nucleotides

50
Q

Genetic Code

A

Set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino acids they specify.

51
Q

Transcription

A

Proteins syntheses: DNA transcription begin at the promoter and ends at a terminator. Occurs in the nucleus.

52
Q

Anticodon

A

Triplet of nucleotides

53
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Catalyzes transcription of DNA

54
Q

Promoter

A

Segment of DNA where transcription begins. Special nucleotide sequence located near the beginning of a gene.

55
Q

Terminator

A

Special nucleotide sequence specifies the end of a gene.

56
Q

Introns

A

Do not code for parts of proteins

57
Q

Exons

A

Do code for segments of a protein

58
Q

Polyribosomes

A

Several ribosomes that attach to the same mRNA

59
Q

Somatic Cell

A

Any cell of the body other than a germ cell.

60
Q

Germ Cell

A

A gamete (sperm or oocyte) or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete.

61
Q

Mitosis

A

A cell that undergoes a nuclear division

62
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasmic division

63
Q

Reproductive Cell Division

A

Mechanism that produces gametes, cells needed to form the next generation of sexually reproducing organism.

64
Q

Meiosis

A

Process of 2 step division in which the number of chromosomes in the nucleus is reduced by half.

65
Q

Cell Cycle

A

An orderly sequence of events in which somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides in two.

66
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes that make up each pair:
Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. One member of each pair is inherited form each parent.

67
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

One pair of chromosomes X and Y

68
Q

Diploid (2n) cells

A

Somatic cells that contain 2 sets of chromosomes

69
Q

Apoptosis

A

Normal type of cell death

70
Q

Necrosis

A

Pathological type of cell death

71
Q

Diploid

A

46 or two sets of 23

72
Q

Haploid

A

One set of 23

73
Q

Micrometers

A

Measure of units in which the size of cells are measured.
1 micrometer = 1 one millionth of a meter

74
Q

Shapes of Cells

A

Can vary and is related to its function.
Can be round, oval, flat, cubed shaped, column shaped, elongated, star shaped, cylindrical or disc shaped.

75
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A double membrane lipid bilayer. Forms the cells flexible outer surface. Separates internal and external environment.

76
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Consists of all the cellular contents between PM and the Nucleus. Contains: cytosol and organelles.

77
Q

Nucleus

A

Large organelle that houses most the cells DNA. Contains chromes and genes

78
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Best way to describe the plasm membrane.
Molecular arrangement of PM resemble a continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contain a mosaic of many different proteins. Some proteins float freely other are anchored at specific locations.

79
Q

Structure of Plasma Membrane

A

Lipid bilayer is basic structural frame work.
Double layers made up of 3 types of lipid molecules
1. Phospholipid: 75% contains PO4
2. Cholesterol: 20 % steriod with attached OH group
3. Glycolipids: 5% lipid with attached carbohydrate group

80
Q

Potassium and Sodium in Cells

A

In most cells K+ has a higher concentration inside cell.
Na+ is present at higher concentration outside the cell

81
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Extend into and through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded to it.
Most are: transmembrane proteins-they span entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both cytosol and ECF.

82
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Not as firmly embedded in the membrane. Either attached as polar heads or integral protiens.

83
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Type of many integral proteins
Proteins with carbohydrate group attached to the ends that protrude into ECF.

84
Q

Permeable

A

Membrane structure permits the passage of substance through it

85
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Membrane permits some substance to pass more readily

86
Q

Lipid Bilayer Permeability

A

Highly permeable to non polar molecules: O2, CO2, steroids
Moderately Permeable to small uncharged molecules: water, urea (waster product of amino acids)

87
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another

88
Q

Electrical Gradient

A

Difference in electrical charge between two regions constitutes. Occurs across the plasma membrane.

89
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Electrical gradient charge difference that occurs across the plasma membrane.

90
Q

Electrical Chemical Gradient

A

The combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion.

91
Q

Passive Process

A

Substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient

92
Q

Active Processes

A

Cellular energy is used to drive the substance uphill against its concentration gradient.
Energy form: ATP

93
Q

Centrosome

A

Organelle.
Microtubules organization center. Found near the nucleus, consists of pericentriolar matrix. This matrix is composed of protein tubulin, plays critical role in cell division.

94
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

Cilia are numerous, short hair projections that extend from cell. Flagella are longer.
Microtubules are dominant component.

95
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis. Located within the mitochondria.

96
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs.
1. Rough ER: Proteins synthesized by ribosomes enter the ER for processing and sorting.
2. Smooth ER: extends from rough ER. Does not have ribosomes. Synthesizes fatty acids, steroids.

97
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Resembles a stable of pancakes.
Transport pathway for proteins that have been synthesized.

98
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane enclosed vesicle that form from the Golgi complex. Contain powerful digestive/hydrolysis enzymes that break down molecules known as autophagy.

99
Q

Autophagy

A

Created by lysosomes. Digest and recycle worn out cell structure.

100
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain several oxidases enzymes that can oxidize ( remove H+) from various organic substances.

101
Q

Proteasomes

A

Function is continuous destruction of unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins.

102
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power house of cells. Generates most of the ATP through aerobic respiration.

103
Q

Mitochondrial Cristae

A

Internal membrane in form of folds

104
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

Central fluid filled cavity. Does not contain phospholipids.
Plays an important role in apoptosis (cell death).

Biology 235 (29 decks)

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