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Biology 235 > Chapter 6: The Skeletal System Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6: The Skeletal System Bone Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Osteology

A

Study of bone structure and treatment

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2
Q

Long Bone

A

Has greater length than width.

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3
Q

Hemopeoesis

A

Production of RBC, WBC and platelets in red bone marrow.

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4
Q

Bone

A

Osseous tissue

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5
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Crystal formed from Calcium phosphate combined with calcium hydroxide

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6
Q

Calcification

A

Initiated by bone building cells called osteoblasts.

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7
Q

Compact bone

A

Strong form of bone tissue
Composed of osteons.
Contains: Lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, osteocytes.

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8
Q

Lacunae

A

Contain osteocytes. Small spaces concentric lamella in compact bone.

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9
Q

Canaliculi

A

Are filled with extracellular fluid. Radiate in all directions from lacunae.

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10
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

Areas between neighboring osteons contain lamella

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11
Q

Transverse interostenic Canals

A

Blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrates compact bone through this canal

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12
Q

Circumferential Lamellae

A

Lamellae arrange around outer and inner circumference of shaft of long bone.

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13
Q

External Circumferential Lamellae

A

Are directly deep to the periosteum

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14
Q

Perforating (Sharpey’s) Fibers

A

Connect external circumferential Lamellae (underlying bone) to periosteum. These fibers are thick bundles of collagen.

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15
Q

Internal Circumferential Lamellae

A

Lamellae that line the medullary cavity

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16
Q

Blood Vessels in Bone

A

Bone is rich in blood. Found in bone containing red bone marrow.

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17
Q

Ossification

A

Or osteogenesis
Process by which bone forms

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18
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

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19
Q

Bone Resorption

A

The removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclast

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20
Q

Bone Deposition

A

Addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

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21
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

PTH
Increases blood ca2+level
Secretion operates via neg feedback

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22
Q

Calcitriol

A

Active form of vitamin D. Promotes absorption of calcium rich foods from GI Tract into blood.

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23
Q

Calcitonin

A

CT
Secreted by thyroid gland
Inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds up Ca2+ uptake by bone and accelerates its deposition into bones.

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24
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

unspecialized bone stem cells. Derived from mesenchyme. Found in periosteum.

25
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells. Initiate calcification. Regulates calcium.
Becomes osteocytes when trapped in their own secretions.

26
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature Bone cell.
Main cell in bone tissue.

27
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Carve out bound. Found in endosteum. Regulate calcium.

28
Q

Bone Reabsortion

A

Breakdown of extracellular matrix in bone

29
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Also known as: trabecular
Do not contain osteons
Found in interior of bones, protected by layer compact bone.
Consists of: trabeculae, Lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi

30
Q

Trabeculae

A

Found in Spongy bone.
Lamellae arranged in irregular pattern of thin columns.

31
Q

Vitamin A

A

Stimulates osteoblasts

32
Q

Vitamin C

A

Synthesis collagen, main bone protein.

33
Q

Vitamin D

A

Helps build bones by increasing absorption of Ca2+ from GI tract to blood.

34
Q

Vitamin k, b12

A

Synthesis of Bone protein

35
Q

Insulin Hormones

A

Most important: Insulin, from pancreases.
Promotes bone growth by increase synthesis of bone proteins.

36
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

T3, T4: promote bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts.

37
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Estrogen and androgens: increases osteoblasts activity during puberty.

38
Q

Skeletal System Basic Function

A
  1. Support: structural framework, supports soft tissue, provides attachment points for the tendons
  2. Protection: protects internal organs from injury.
  3. Assistance in movement: muscles attach to bones, when contracted pull bones to move.
  4. Mineral Homeostasis: stores minerals- Ca and PO4, contributes to bone strength and bone tissue stores calcium.
  5. Blood Cell Production: red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC and Platelets
  6. Triglyceride Storage: yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells to store triglycerides (potential chemical energy).
39
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft or body. Long cylindrical main portion of body.

40
Q

Epiphyses

A

Growing over. Are the proximal and distal ends of bones

41
Q

Metaphyses

A

Between the diaphysis and epiphyses. Contains Epiphyseal growth plate.

42
Q

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage. Allows diaphysis of bone to grow in length.

43
Q

Epiphseal Line

A

When bone ceases to grow in length, cartilage in place is replaced by bone.

44
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covers epiphysis where bone forms a joint with another bone.
Lacks perichondium and blood vessels.

45
Q

Periosteum

A

Protection of bone, nourishment, repair and growth.
Connective tissue sheath associated with blood supply. Surrounds bone surface when not covered by articular tissue.
2 layers-
1. Outer fibrous layer: dense irregular CT
2. Inner osteopenia layer: cells

46
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Or marrow cavity
Hallow, cylindrical space within diaphysis. Contains fatty yellow bone marrow and blood cells.
Minimizes weight of bones.

47
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane, lines medullary cavity
Contains: single layer of bone forming cells and small amount of CT

48
Q

Long Bone Layer from Outside to Inside

A

Diaphysis, periosteum, compact bone, endosteum.

49
Q

Bone Cells in Order

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
50
Q

How is Spongy Bone different than Compact Bone

A
  1. Spongy bone is light, reduces weight of bone. Allows bone to move more readily when pulled by skeletal muscle
  2. The trabeculae support and protect the red bone marrow.
51
Q

Periosteal Arteries

A

Enter diaphysis through interosteonic canals. Supplies periosteum and outer part of bone.

52
Q

Nutrient Artery

A

Near the center of diaphysis. Passes though a hole called nutrient foramen.

53
Q

Metaphysical Arteries

A

Enter metaphyses of long bone, together with nutrient artery supply red bone marrow and tissue of metaphyses.

54
Q

Epiphyseal Arteries

A

Enter epiphyseal of long bone and supply red bone marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses.

55
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone formation of flat bones of skull, facial bones, mandible, clavicle and soft spots of fetal skull.
1. Development of ossification center
2. Calcification
3. Formation of trabeculae
4. Development of the periosteum

56
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Replacement of cartilage of bone. Most bones are formed this way.
1. Development of the cartilage model
2. Growth of cartilage model
3. Development of the medullary cavity
4. Development of the secondary ossification centers
5. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate

57
Q

Growth in Length

A

Involves:
1. Interstitial growth of cartilage on epiphyseal side of plate
2. Replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of plate

58
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Found in CT. Produces RBC, WBC, and platelets.
Consists of: developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages within a network of reticular fibers.

59
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Stores triglycerides. Potential chemical energy.
Consists of: adipose cells

Biology 235 (29 decks)

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