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Biology 235 > Chapter 1: Into To The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Into To The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Ana-up
Tomy- Process of cutting.
The science of body structures and relationship among them. First studied by dissection

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2
Q

Dissection

A

Dis-apart
Section-act of cutting
The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Physio-nature
Logy- study of
Is the science of body functions, how the body works.

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4
Q

Chemical Level

A

The very basic level. Can be compared to the letters of the alphabet.
Includes atoms and molecules.

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5
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions.

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6
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms joined together.

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7
Q

Cells

A

The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemical.
The smallest living units in the human body.

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8
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

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9
Q

4 Types of Tissue in Body

A

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Nervous Tissue

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10
Q

Organs

A

Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues. They have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

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11
Q

System

A

Consists of related organs with common functions.

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12
Q

Organism

A

All the parts of the human body functioning together constitutes the total organism.

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

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14
Q

2 phases of Metabolism

A
  1. Catabolism: the breakdown of complex chemicals into similar components.
  2. Anabolism: the building up of complex chemicals substance from smaller, simpler components.
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15
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability to detect change in the body and respond to it.

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16
Q

Movement

A

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside cells.

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17
Q

Growth

A

Increase in body size due to an increase in the size of existing cells, and/or increase in the number of cells.

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18
Q

Differentiation

A

Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.

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19
Q

Stem Cell

A

Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation.

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20
Q

Reproduction

A

2 Parts:
1. The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement.
2. The production of a new individual.

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

Homeo- sameness
Stasis- standing still
The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment.

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22
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid within cells

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23
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid outside the cell

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24
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between the cells of tissues

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25
Q

Blood Plasma

A

ECF that that is within blood vessels

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26
Q

Lymph

A

ECF within lymphatic vessels

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27
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

ECF in joints

29
Q

Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Body

A

ECF of the eyes

30
Q

3 Components of Feedback System

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Control Center
  3. Effectors
31
Q

Afferent Pathway

A

Information flows toward the control center

32
Q

Efferent Pathway

A

Information flows away from the controls center

33
Q

Input

A

Is in the form of nerves impulses or chemical signals

34
Q

Output

A

In the form of nerve impulses, hormones or chemical signals.

35
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The subject is standing erect facing an observer. Head level and eyes facing directly forward. Lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor directed forward. The upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward.

36
Q

Prone

A

Reclining body, body laying face down.

37
Q

Supine

A

Recline body, body is lying face up.

38
Q

Directional Terms

A

Words that describe the position of one body’s part relative to another.

39
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head or the upper part of a structure.

40
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

41
Q

Anterior

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body.

42
Q

Posterior

A

Near to or at the back of the body.

43
Q

Medial

A

Near to the midline. Divides the body into equal right and left sides.

44
Q

Lateral

A

Farther away from the midline.

45
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures.

46
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure.

47
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure.

48
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the truck. Nearer to the origination.

49
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the truck. Father away from the origination.

50
Q

Superficial

A

Toward to on the surface of the body.

51
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body.

52
Q

Planes

A

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts.

53
Q

2 Body Systems that Maintain Homeostasis

A
  1. Nervous System
    By regulating body temperature to maintain body’s internal environment.
  2. Endocrine System
    By controlling blood sugar (glucose) levels by using insulin.
54
Q

Directional Terms

A

Words that describe the position of ones body part relative to another.

55
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts.

56
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical line that divides the body/organ into right and left sides

57
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

Or median Plane
Planes passes through the midline of the body/organ, divides into equal right and left sides

58
Q

Midline

A

Imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides.

59
Q

Parasagittal Plane

A

Divides the body/organ into unequal right and left sides.

60
Q

Frontal

A

Or coronal plane
Divides body/organ into anterior and posterior portions

61
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides body/organ into superior and inferior portions

62
Q

Oblique Plane

A

Passes through the body/organ at an angle (any angle other than 90 degrees)

63
Q

Section

A

Cut of the body or one organ made along a plane.

64
Q

3 types of Sections

A

Midsagittal: Made down the midline
Frontal: Made down the front, divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse: Made across from front to back, divides the body into superior and inferior parts

65
Q

Viscera

A

Organs inside thoracic and abdomen pelvic cavities

66
Q

Membrane

A

Thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions or connects structures

67
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Double layered, slippery
Does not open directly to exterior
Covers viscera
Lines walls of thorax and abdominopelvic cavities

68
Q

Retoperitioneal

A

Organs that are not surrounded by the peritonuem
Instead they are posterior to it

Biology 235 (29 decks)

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