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Biology 235 > Chapter 4: The Tissue Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Tissue Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

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2
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.

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3
Q

Connexons

A

Formed by connexins. Tiny fluid filled tunnels formed at gap junctions. Connect neighboring cells.

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4
Q

Lumen

A

Interior space

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5
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Connective tissue cells

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6
Q

Avascular

A

Epithelial tissue that has its own nerve supply

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7
Q

Exchange of Substances in Tissue

A

Occurs by diffusion between epithelial and connective tissue.

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8
Q

Secretion

A

Is the production and release of substances such as sweat or enzymes/

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9
Q

Absorption

A

Is the intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract.

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10
Q

Types of Epithelial Tissue: Simple

A

Simple squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Pseudostratified Columnar

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11
Q

Types of Epithelial Tissue: Stratified

A

Stratified Squamous
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional

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12
Q

Gland

A

Consists of epithelium that secretes substances into ducts, or onto a surface.
Eventually into the blood in the absence of ducts.

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13
Q

Tubular Gland

A

Exocrine Gland with tubular secretory parts

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14
Q

Acinar Gland

A

Exocrine Gland. Also called: alveolar glands
Rounded secretory portions

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15
Q

Tubuloacinar Gland

A

Exocrine Gland. Have both tubular and more rounded secretory parts

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16
Q

Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix

A

Consists of 2 major elements:
1. Ground substance
2. Fibers

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17
Q

Ground Cells

A

Component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers.
Can be: fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous or calcified

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18
Q

Hyaluronic Acid

A

A viscous slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints and helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.

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19
Q

Chondroitin Sulfate

A

Provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels.

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20
Q

Dermatan Sulfate

A

Found in skin, tendons, blood vessels and heart valves.

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21
Q

Keratan Sulfate

A

Found in bone, cartilage and the cornea of the eye.

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22
Q

Adhesions Proteins

A

Found in ground substance. Responsible for linking components of the ground substance to one another and to the surface of the cell.

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23
Q

Fibronectin

A

Main adhesion protein of connective tissue. Binds to both collagen fibers and ground substances linking them together.
Also attached cells to the ground substance.

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24
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to return to original shape after being stretched

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25
Q

Stroma

A

Is the supportive framework of many soft organs like spleen and lymph nodes.
Formed by reticular fibers that are plentiful in reticular connective tissue.

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26
Q

Connective Tissue: General Features

A

Contains two basics element: Extracellular matrix and cells

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27
Q

Connective Tissue Cells

A

Embryonic cells called mesenchymal give rise to the cells of CT.

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28
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Large flat cells with branching processes. Most numerous in CT.

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29
Q

Macrophages

A

Type of WBC. Two types: fixed and wandering.

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30
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Or plasmocytes
Most reside in CT, found in GI and resp tract.

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31
Q

Mast Cells

A

Involved in inflammatory response. Body’s reaction to injury or infection. Can bind to, ingest or kill bacteria.

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32
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cell or adipose cells
Found deep in skin and around organs.

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33
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells. Found in significant numbers in normal CT.

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34
Q

Embryonic Connective Tissue

A

Two types: mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue

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35
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Present in the embryo and fetus.

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36
Q

Chondroctyes

A

Cells of mature cartilage

37
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces where chondrocytes group in extracellular matrix

38
Q

Perichondrium

A

Covering of dense irregular connective tissue. Surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains blood vessels and nerves that is the source of new cells.

39
Q

Cartilage

A

Plays an important role as a support tissue in the body, precursor to bone, forming almost the entire embryonic skeleton.

40
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Produces RBC, WBC and platelets

41
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Stores triglycerides

42
Q

Osteon

A

Basic unit of compact bone

43
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

44
Q

Trabeculae

A

Spongy bone: Consists of columns of bone contains lamellar, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi.

45
Q

Blood Plasma

A

Pale yellow fluid.
Consists mostly of water and dissolved substances: nutrients, wastes, enzymes, plasma proteins, hormones, resp gases and ions.

46
Q

Formed Elements

A

Suspended in blood plasma
RBC, WBC, platelets.

47
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBC .Transports o2 to body cells and remove co2 from them.

48
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC. Are involved in phagocytes, immunity and allergic reactions.

49
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets. Participate in blood clotting.

50
Q

Epithelial Membranes

A

Underlying connective tissue layer.

51
Q

Synoviocytes

A

Discontinuous layer of cells that compose synovial membranes.

52
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Secreted by synoviocytes.
Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering bones at movable joints.
Contains macrophages that remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity.

53
Q

Striations

A

Are alternating light and dark bands within fibers that are visible under a light microscopic.

54
Q

Excitable Cells

A

Cells that exhibit electrical excitability:
Neurons and muscle fibers.

55
Q

Excitability

A

The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials.

Transmits: Acetylcholine

56
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers body surfaces, forms glands
Lines hallow organs, body cavities and ducts

57
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Protects and supports the body and organs
Stores energy reserves as fat

58
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

Composed of specialized cells for contraction and generation of force that creates heat.

59
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Detects changes in conditions inside and outside the body. Responds by generating nerve action potentials that activate muscular contractions and secretions.

60
Q

Nerve Impulses

A

Nerve action potentials

61
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Fuse together the outer surface of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passage ways between adjacent cells.

62
Q

Desmosomes

A

Found in outer layer of skin.
Contains plaque
Have transmembrane glycoproteins that extend into intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another.

63
Q

Heidesmosomes

A

Do no link adjacent cells
Transmembrane proteins are integrins.
Integrins attach to protein laminitis.

64
Q

Aderens Juctions

A

Dense layer of protein on the inside of PM. Attaches both membrane protiens and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.

65
Q

Adhesion Belts

A

Extensive zones formed by aderens junctions.

66
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Membrane proteins

67
Q

Epithelial Classification

A

Coverings or linings. Have 2 characteristics:
1. Arrangement of cells into layer: One or more layers depending on function
2. Shape of cells: Shape depending on function

68
Q

Simple Squamous
2 Types

A
  1. Endothelium: lines heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
  2. Mesothium: forms epithelial layer of serous membrane
69
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Ductless, secretion is hormones via diffusion into bloodstream. Have far reaching effects and they are distributed through the body via the blood stream.

70
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

Contains ducts. Secretion empties onto the surface of a covering or lining epithelium such as skin surface or lumen of hollow organ.
Have limited reaching effects and can be harmful if enter bloodstream.

71
Q

Structure of Exocrine Glands

A
  1. Unicellular: single cell gland. Such as goblet cells, secrete mucus.
  2. Multicellular: composed of many cells. Such as Sudoriferous: sweat, sebaceous: oil, salivary: saliva
72
Q

Categorization of Exocrine Glands

A
  1. Whether they branch or are unbranched
  2. Shape of secretory portions of the gland.
73
Q

Simple Gland

A

Does not branch

74
Q

Compound Gland

A

Does branch

75
Q

Merocrine Gland

A

Secretions of this gland are synthesizes on ribosomes attached to the rough ER. Processed, sorted, package by Golgi complex. Released from the cells in secretory vesicles via exocytosis.

76
Q

Apocrine Gland

A

Accumulate their secretion product at the apical surfaces secreting cells. Portion of a cell pinches off by exocytosis from the rest of the cells to release the secretion.

77
Q

Halocrine Gland

A

Accumulate a secretory product in the cytosol. As the secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product.

78
Q

Epithelial Membrane

A

Flat sheet of pliable tissue that covers or lines a part of the body.
Consists of: epithelial layer and epithelial membranes.

79
Q

Epithelial Membrane Types

A

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial

80
Q

Mesothelium

A

Secretes serous fluid. This fluid allows organs to glide over one another or slide against the cavity walls.

81
Q

Myocytes

A

Muscle tissue

82
Q

Neuron

A

Or nerve cell. Sensitive to various stimuli. Convert stimuli into electrical signals called nerve action potentials. Conducts these potentials to other neurons, muscle tissue or to glands.

83
Q

Neuron 3 Basic Parts

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
84
Q

Cell Body

A

Contains the nucleus and other organelles. If nucleus dies, cell dies.

85
Q

Dendrites

A

Short cell process. Major receiving or input portion of a neuron.

86
Q

Axon

A

Single thin cell process. Outport portion that conducts nerve impulses towards another neuron or tissue.

87
Q

Neuroglia

A

Do not generate or conduct nerve impulses. Play a supporting role for neurons physically and metabolically.

88
Q

Synaptic Vessels

A

Store neurotransmitters.

Biology 235 (29 decks)

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