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BIOL 235 - Section 1 > Chapter 9 - Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term articulation or arthrosis

A

Joint, contact between two bones, or bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth. Forms a joint.

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2
Q

Fibrous joints

A

No synovial cavity, bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.

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3
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

No synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage

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4
Q

Synovial joints

A

Synovial cavity, united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments

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5
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable joint

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6
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable

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7
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely movable, always synovial.

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8
Q

Suture

A

Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, often only in skull.

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9
Q

Synostosis

A

Sutures replaced by bone, complete fusion.

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10
Q

Frontal or metopic suture

A

Sutures that persist beyond age 6

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11
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Fibrous joint, but with more distance between articulating surfaces and dense, irregular, connective tissue that in suture. Limited movement.

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12
Q

Gomphosis or dentoalveolar joint

A

cone-shaped peg fits into socket. Roots of teeth and their sockets, no movement.

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13
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement. Between radius and ulna, and tibia and fibula.

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14
Q

Cartilaginous - synchondrosis

A

Lack synovial cavity, immovable. hyaline cartilage. epiphyseal plate.

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15
Q

Cartilaginous - symphysis

A

Ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones.

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16
Q

Synovial joint cavity

A

Allows movement

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17
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage, covers articulating surfaces with a smooth, slippery surface, does not bind. Reduces friction and absorbs shock.

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18
Q

Articular capsule

A

Surrounds synovial joint, encloses synovial cavity, unites articulating bones. Outer fibrous membrane, inner synovial membrane.

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19
Q

Fibrous membrane

A

Dense irregular connective tissue (mostly collagen fibers) that attaches to the periosteum of articulating bones. Flexible, tensile strength.

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20
Q

Ligament

A

Fiber bundles, strong.

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21
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers.

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22
Q

Articular fat pad

A

Accumulations of adipose tissue

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23
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Secreted by synovial membrane. Viscous, clear/pale yellow fluid, consists of hyaluronic acid. Reduces friction, lubricates, absorbs shock, supplies oxygen and nutrients, removes co2 and wastes. Phagocytic cells remove microbes and debris.

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24
Q

Accessory ligaments: extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments

A

E-outside articular capsule. In-within but excluded from the synovial cavity.

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25
Q

Articular discs (menisci)

A

Crescent shaped pads of fibrocartilage, attached to fibrous capsule. Bind strongly

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26
Q

Labrum

A

Prominent in the ball and socket joints of shoulder and hip. Fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket.

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27
Q

Bursa

A

Alleviate friction, fluid filled sacs.

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28
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Tubelike bursae, wrap tendons, visceral layer to tendon, parietal layer to bone. Between synovial fluid.

29
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints - gliding

A

Nearly flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and side-to-side. limited range

30
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints - angular

A

Change in angle. Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

31
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints - flexion

A

Decrease in angle between articulating bones

32
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints - extension

A

Increase in angle between articulating bones, generally restores to anatomical position

33
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints - lateral flexion

A

Medial movement, such as thumb to edge of palm

34
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints - hyperextension

A

Beyond anatomical position,(chin up)

35
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints - abduction or radial deviation

A

Away from midline (airplane arms)

36
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints - adduction or ulnar deviation

A

Toward midline (palm to thigh adducts shoulder)

37
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints - circumduction

A

Distal end of a body part in a circle.

38
Q

Types of movements at synovial joints - rotation medially or laterally

A

Revolves around its own longitudinal axis. (turning head side to side)

39
Q

Special - elevation

A

Superior movement, closing the mouth lifts the mandible

40
Q

Special - depression

A

Inferior movement, such as returning shrugged shoulders

41
Q

Special - protraction

A

Anteriorly in the transverse plane. Jaw foreword

42
Q

Special - retraction

A

Protraction returns to anatomical position

43
Q

Special - inversion

A

Sole medially at the intertarsal joints. (Big toe side upward)

44
Q

Special - eversion

A

Sole laterally at intertarsal joints (pinky toe side upward)

45
Q

Special - dorsiflexion

A

Bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint (standing on heels)

46
Q

Special - plantar flexion

A

Bending the foot at the ankle joint so you stand on ball of foot

47
Q

Special - supination

A

Anterior palm (forward)

48
Q

Special - pronation

A

Posterior palm (backward)

49
Q

Special - opposition

A

Thumb at the carpometacarpal joint, Thumb touches finger tips

50
Q

Plane joint

A

Back and forth or side to side movements between flat surfaces of bones, also rotate against one another.

51
Q

Hinge joint

A

Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone. Open and closing motion. (knee, elbow)

52
Q

Pivot joint

A

Rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament

53
Q

Condyloid or ellipsoidal joint

A

Convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another, movement around two axes

54
Q

Saddle joint

A

Articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped

55
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Permits movement around three axes

56
Q

medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints

A

Laterally is a tibiofemoral joint, between the lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of the tibia, which is the weight-bearing bone of the leg.
2. Medially is another tibiofemoral joint, between the medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of the tibia.

57
Q

patellofemoral joint

A

An intermediate patellofemoral joint is between the patella and the patellar surface of the femur.

58
Q

articular capsule

A

some capsular fibers connect the articulating bones

59
Q

patellar ligament

A

patella to tibial tuberosity

60
Q

tibial collateral ligament

A

medial surface of joint, extends from medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia

61
Q

fibular collateral ligament

A

strong, rounded ligament on the lateral surface of the joint, extends from lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral side of the head of the fibula

62
Q

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A

Limits hyperextension, prevents anterior sliding.

63
Q

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

A

Prevents posterior sliding of the tibia when the knee is flexed

64
Q

Rheumatism and arthritis

A

R-not cause by infection or injury but painful.

Arthritis - stiff, swollen, painful joints

65
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative joint disease, cartilage is gradually lost, wear and tear

66
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease, immune system attacks its own tissues

67
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

Sodium urate crystal are deposited in soft tissues of the joints, feet mostly, bones can fuse

68
Q

Lyme disease

A

Bite -> rash -> stiffness, fever and chills, headache, stiff neck, nausea, low back pain

BIOL 235 - Section 1 (9 decks)

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