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BIOL 235 - Section 1 > Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

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2
Q

Define histology

A

The science of the study of tissues

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands. Allows body to interact with internal and external environments

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4
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissues bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide the body with immunity to disease-casuing organisms.

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5
Q

Muscular tissue

A

is composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force. Generates heat.

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6
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.

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7
Q

Cell junction

A

contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

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8
Q

Tight Junction

A

weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells. Prevent contents of organs like bladder from leaking into blood

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9
Q

Adherens junction

A

Contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins join the cells.
Often form Adhesion belts. Help resist seperation

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10
Q

Desmosome

A

contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins that attach cells to one another, attaches using elements of the cytoskeleton aka intermediate filaments (made of keratin) preventing seperation

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11
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Integrins attach to intermediate filaments, on outside attach to laminin to anchor cells to each other and the basement membrane

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12
Q

Gap junction

A

connexins connect neighboring cells. Through connexons ions and small molecules can diffuse from the cytosol of one cell to another.

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13
Q

Pathologist

A

Physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses

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14
Q

General features of epithelial tissue

A

Many cells tightly packed together with little or no extracellular matrix. No blood vessels. Almost always forms surface layers, not covered by another tissue (except lining of blood vessels) Always found immediately adjacent to blood vessel-rich connective tissue.

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15
Q

Apical

A

Apical (free) surface faces the body surface, cavity, lumen or tubular duct that receives cell secretions. May contain cilia or microvilli.

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16
Q

Basement membrane

A

thin extracellular layer that consists of two layers, basal lamina and reticular lamina. Attaching to and supporting overlying epithelial tissue. Form a surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth or healing, restrict passage of large molecules, and filter blood in kidneys.

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17
Q

Covering/Lining epithelium

A

forms outer covering of skin and some internal organs. Inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

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18
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

makes up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and sweat glands.

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19
Q

Lateral surface

A

may contain tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions.

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20
Q

Basal surface

A

deepest layer of epithelial cells adhere to extracellular materials such as basement membrane.

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21
Q

Main roles of epithelial tissue

A

protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, excretion

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22
Q

Structure location and function of simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells, flattened oval nucleus in centre.
lines cardiovascular and lymphatic system known as endothelium. OR form epithelial layer of serous membranes known as mesothelium. Air sacs of lungs, glomerular capsule of kidneys, inner surface of tympanic membrane.
Sites of filtration, diffusion, secretion

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23
Q

Structure location and function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cube shaped cells Surface of ovary, anterior surface of capsule lens of eye, pigmented epithelium at posterior surface of retina, lines kidney tubules, secretion and absorption

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24
Q

Structure location and function of simple columnar epithelium

A

ciliated or nonciliated. single layer contains columnar epithelial cells with microvili at apical surafce and goblet cells.
Lines gastrointestinal tract, ducts of many glands and gullbladder.
Secretiona nd absorption.
Ciliated: lines some bronchioles, uterine tubes, central canal of spinal cord, ventricles of brian, the cilia beat in unison moving mucus and foreign particles toward throat.

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25
Q

Structure location and function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Cells attached to basement membrane. Lines airways, nonciliated ducts of glands, epidymis and male urethra. Traps foreign particles, nonciliated for absorption and protection

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26
Q

Structure location and function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

two or more layers of cells. keratinized for superifical layer of skin, nonkeratinized lines wet surphases. Protection against abrasion, water loss, UV, foreign invasion

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27
Q

Structure location and function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

two or more layers of cells, apical are cube-shaped. Ducts of sweat glands, esophageal glands, male urethra. Protection, limited secretion and absorption

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28
Q

Structure location and function of stratified columnar epithelium

A

shortened irregularly shaped cells, apical columnar. Part of urethra, large excretory ducts. Protection and secretion

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29
Q

Structure location and function of transitional epithelium

A

Stretched becomes flatter. Elasticity,bladder, portions of ureters and urethra. allows stretching and protection

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30
Q

Microvilli

A

fingerlike cytoplasmic projections, increase surface area of plasma membrane

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31
Q

Goblet cells

A

modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid, at their apical surfaces. Before release, mucus accumulates in upper portion of cell, causing it to bulge and making the whole cell resemble a goblet or wine glass.

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32
Q

Arrangement of cells in simple epithelium

A

one layer, squareish nucleus centre

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33
Q

Arrangement of cells in pseudostratified epithelium

A

stretched columnar nucleus within

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34
Q

Arrangement of cells in stratified epithelium

A

attached to basement, cubodial,

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35
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Secretion, accomplished by glandular cells that often lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium

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36
Q

Gland

A

May consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts (tubes) onto a surface or into the blood.

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37
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Secretions are hormones, enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse into bloodstream.

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38
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium such as the skin surface or the lumen of a hollow organ.

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39
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A

Single celled. includes goblet cells.

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40
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A

composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macro- scopic organ. Examples include sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), and salivary glands.
Classified by branched or unbranched

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41
Q

Simple exocrine glands

A

Unbranched

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42
Q

Compound exocrine glands

A

Branched

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43
Q

Acinar exocrine glands

A

Rounded secretory portions

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44
Q

Tubuloacinar exocrine glands

A

Both tubular and more rounded secretory parts.

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45
Q

Merocrine gland

A

Salivary glands and pancreas. Golgi complex to Secretory vesicle

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46
Q

Apocrine gland

A

Secretory product accumulates at apical surface, portion pinches off by exocytosis. Repairs and repeats. Secretion of milk.

47
Q

Holocrine gland

A

Accumulate secretory product in cytosol, ruptures. Lots of lipids, is replaced. Sebaceous glands of skin.

48
Q

Connective tissue

A

Most abundant tissue. Binds together, supports, strengthens, protects, insulates, compartmentalizes, transport system, location of energy reserve, main source of immune responses.

49
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

material between widely spaced cells. Structure determines tissue’s qualities.

50
Q

Fibroblast

A

Large, flat, branching, secret fibers and certain components of ground substance of exma

51
Q

Macrophage

A

develop from monocytes. irregular shape, short branches. Engulf bacteria. Fixed or wandering.

52
Q

Plasma cell

A

small cells, develop from B lymphocyte. Secrete antibodies, most in connective tissue, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. (also salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow)

53
Q

Mast cell

A

abundant alongside blood vessels. produce histamine, dilates small blood vessels in inflammatory response.

54
Q

Adipocyte

A

store fats found deep in skin and around heart and kidneys.

55
Q

Leucocytes

A

Not found in but migrate to connective tissue from blood.

56
Q

Connective tissue extracellular matrix

A

Ground substance and fibers

57
Q

Ground substance

A

is the component of a con- nective tissue between the cells and fibers. The ground substance may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified. It supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provides a medium for ex- change of substances between the blood and cells. It plays an active role in how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate, and change shape, and in how they carry out their metabolic functions.
Ground substance contains water and an assortment of large organic molecules, many of which are complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins.

58
Q

Fibers

A

strengthen and support connective tissues.

59
Q

Collagen fiber

A

Strong to resist tension, but not stiff.

60
Q

Elastic fiber; elasticity

A

Smaller, branch and join together to form a fibrous network. strength and stability. Stretch 150% of relaxed length, but return to shape

61
Q

Reticular fiber; stroma

A

Collagen arranged in fine bundles with coating of glycoprotein to provide support in walls of blood vessels or network around cells of some tissues.
Stroma=supporting framework

62
Q

embryonic connective tissues: mesenchyme

A

irregularly shape mesenchymal cells embedded in semifluid ground substance that contains delicate reticular fibers.
Under skin, along developing bones of embryo. Forms types of connective tissue

63
Q

embryonic connective tissues: mucous connective tissue

A

widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in viscous, jellylike ground substance that contains fine collagen fibers. Umbilical cord of fetus. Support

64
Q

Loose: areolar connective tissue

A

Consists of fibers arranged randomly, several kinds of cells embedded in semifluid ground substance.
In and around every body structure “packaging” Strength, elasticity, support

65
Q

Loose: adipose tissue

A

Cells derived from fibroblasts, storage of fats, weight gain = more adipose tissue and new blood vessels, higher blood pressure. Brown in infants and adult because rich blood supply.
Reduces heat loss, energy reserve, supports, protects.

66
Q

Loose: reticular connective tissue

A

Fine interlacing network of reticular fibers. Stroma of liver, spleen, lumph nodes, red bone marrow, around blood vessels and muscles. Forms stroma of organs, binds smooth muscle tissue cells. filters and removes worn out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.

67
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

Forms tendons. Strong attachments.

68
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

Made up of collagen fibers, occurs in sheets. Provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions.

69
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

elastic fibers with fibroblasts between, yellowish. lung tissue, stretching of various organs. (like penis or vocal cords)

70
Q

Cartilage

A

consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance. Cartilage can endure considerably more stress than loose and dense connective tis- sues. The strength of cartilage is due to its collagen fibers, and its resilience (ability to assume its original shape after deformation) is due to chondroitin sulfate.

71
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Cells of mature cartilage

72
Q

Lacunae

A

spaces, little lakes, between chondrocytes in exma

73
Q

Perichondrium

A

dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds most cartilage and contains blood vessels and nerves, source of new cartilage cells. heals poorly

74
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

resilient gel. most abundant cartilage, provides smooth surfaces movement at joints, flexibility and support but is weak

75
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

has chondrocytes, bundles of callagen. Pubic symphysis, menisci, support and join, strongest

76
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

chondrocytes in threadlike network. Lid on top of larynx, auditory tubes, provides strength and elasticity

77
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Growth within. Rapid in size like bread rising, young and pliable

78
Q

Appositional growth

A

outer surface growth. Differentiation.

79
Q

Osteon or harversian system

A

basic unit of compact bone

80
Q

Lamellae

A

are concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts (mostly calcium and phosphates), which give bone its hardness and compressive strength, and collagen fibers, which give bone its tensile strength. The lamellae are responsible for the compact nature of this type of bone tissue.

81
Q

Canaliculi

A

networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them.

82
Q

Central canal (harversian canal)

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves

83
Q

Spongy bone

A

Lacks osteons, consists of columns of bone called trabeculae, spaces between filled with red bone marrow.

84
Q

Blood tissue

A

A liquid connective tissue has a liquid as its extracellular matrix.

85
Q

Plasma

A

is a pale yellow fluid that consists mostly of water with a wide variety of dissolved substances— nutrients, wastes, enzymes, plasma proteins, hormones, respiratory gases, and ions.

86
Q

Red blood cell

A

transport oxygen to body cells and remove some carbon dioxide from them

87
Q

White blood cell

A

are involved in phagocytosis, im- munity, and allergic reactions.

88
Q

Platelet

A

participate in blood clotting.

89
Q

Lymph

A

extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels. composition varies.

90
Q

Membrane

A

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body.

91
Q

Epithelial membrane

A

an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer

92
Q

Mucous membrane

A

lines a body cavity that opens directly to exterior. Line entire digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts. Barrier. Secrets enzymes for digestion and food/fluid absorption.

93
Q

Lamina propria

A

The connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane is areolar connective tissue, supports epithelium, binds to underlying structure providing flexibility and protection. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from lamina propria to covering epithelium, co2 and waste opposite.

94
Q

serous membrane or serosa

A

Lines body cavity, covers organs within cavities. Parietal layer and visceral layer. Secrets serous fluid, a watery lubricant that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities.

95
Q

Parietal and visceral layers

A

Parietal - attached to and lining the cavity wall.

Visceral- covers and adheres to organs within the cavity

96
Q

Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

A

serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs is the pleura. The serous membrane lining the heart cavity and covering the heart is the pericardium. The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal organs is the peritoneum.

97
Q

cutaneous membrane or skin

A

Covers surface of body.

98
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, protects underlying tissues.

99
Q

Synovial membrane

A

line cavities of freely movable joints.

100
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Synovial membranes are composed of a discontinuous layer of cells called synoviocytes

101
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity.

102
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Voluntary. Long, cylindrical striated fibers. Attached to bones by tendons. motion, posture, heat production, protection

103
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Branched, striated fibers. heart wall, pumps blood

104
Q

Intercalated disc

A

transverse thickenings of plasma membrane attaching cardiac muscle tissue

105
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

involuntary. iris of eyes, airways to lungs,. Motions.

106
Q

Nervous tissue

A

consists of only two principal types of cells: neurons and neuroglia.

107
Q

Neuron

A

or nerve cells, are sensitive to various stimuli. They convert stimuli into electrical signals

108
Q

Nerve action potentials

A

electrical signals produced by neurons

109
Q

Cell body

A

contains the nucleus and other organelles

110
Q

Dendrites

A

tapering, highly branched, usually short cell processes. receiving or input portion of a neuron

111
Q

Axon

A

single, thin, cylindrical process. output portion of neuron .

112
Q

Excitable cells and electrical excitability

A

Neurons and muscle fibers are excitable, the ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals.

113
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemicals released by neurons for communication

114
Q

SLE / lupus

A

chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue. painful joints, low grade fever, fatigue, mouth ulcers, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, sensitivity to sunlight. butterfly rash

BIOL 235 - Section 1 (9 decks)

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