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BIOL 235 - Section 1 > Chapter 6 - The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Support

A

Supports soft tissues, provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles

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2
Q

Protection

A

Skeleton covers most important organs

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3
Q

Assistance in movement

A

Muscles attach to bones, contract and pull on bones to move

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4
Q

Mineral Homeostasis

A

Stores minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.

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5
Q

Blood Cell Production

A

A connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

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6
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of reticular fibers.

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7
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Red bone marrow produces red/white blood cells and platelets

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8
Q

Triglyceride Storage

A

Potential chemical energy reserve

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9
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Red turns yellow, adipose cells store fat.

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft

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11
Q

Epiphysis

A

Proximal and distal ends

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12
Q

Metaphysis

A

Between. Has Growth plate, hyaline cartilage,

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13
Q

Epiphyseal Plate and Line

A

.Growth plate in metaphysis, replaced by bone when matured to form line

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14
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis at articulation. Reduces friction, absorbs shock, hard to repair

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough connective tissue sheath everywhere articular cartilage isnt. Protects, heals, nourishes, attaches

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16
Q

Periosteum - Outer Fibrous layer

A

Dense and irregular

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17
Q

Periosteum - Inner Osteogenic layer

A

Cells (mostly for thickeness

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18
Q

Periosteum - Perforating Fibers or Sharpey’s fibers

A

thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix

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19
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and blood vessels. Max strength min weight

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20
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane, lines medullary cavity. Single layer of bone-forming cells and connective tissue.

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21
Q

Bone or Osseous tissue

A

contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells. The extracellular matrix is about 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% crystallized mineral salts.

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22
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

Calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide

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23
Q

Calcification

A

Mineral salts are deposited in the framework formed by the collagen fibers, crystallize and the tissue hardens.

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24
Q

Osteogenic Cell

A
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25
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

1 Unspecialized bone stem cells. Found in inner periosteum, and in canals that contain blood vessels.

26
Q

Osteoblast

A
  1. Bone building cells. Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers, initiate calcification.
27
Q

Osteocyte

A
  1. Mature bone cells, maintain daily metabolism.
28
Q

Osteoclast

A

Huge cells in endosteum, releases lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest protein and mineral compenets of extracellular bone matrix. Resoprtion

29
Q

Resorption

A

Enzymes digest underlying extracellular matrix, for development, maintenance and repair.

30
Q

Compact Bone Tissue

A

strongest form of bone tissue. protection, support.

31
Q

Osteon or Haversian System

A

repeating structural units,

32
Q

Central or Haversian Canal

A

what the osteons are arranged around

33
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

resembles growth rings of a tree, mineralized extracellular matrix surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves.

34
Q

Lacuna

A

between the cocentric lamellae, are these spaces containing osteocytes.

35
Q

Canaliculus

A

filled with extracellular fluid, out of lacuna.

36
Q

Circumferential Lamellae

A

Around the outer and inner circumference of the shaft, develop during initial bone formation.

37
Q

Spongy Bone Tissue

A

Does not contain osteons, interior of a short flat bones. Is light and supports/protects red bone marrow. Hips, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and proximal ends of humerus and femur.

38
Q

Trabecular

A

Lamellae arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns, along lines of stress

39
Q

Periosteal Arteries

A

Small arteries and nerves, enter diaphysis, supply periosteum and outer part of compact bone.

40
Q

Nutrient Artery and Foramen

A

Near centre of diaphysis, and hole, branches toward each end of bone

41
Q

Metaphyseal Artery

A

Supply ends of long bones. supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses.

42
Q

Epiphyseal Arteries

A

Supply ends of long bones. supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses.

43
Q

Nutrient Veins: Epiphyseal, Metaphyseal, Periosteal

A

Accompany the nutrient artery (or respective)and exit through the diaphysis(or respective)

44
Q

Ossification

A

Process in which bones form, embryo/fetus or growth, or remodelling, or repair

45
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

First. Bone forms within mesenchyme.

Development of the ossification centre ->Calcification -> Formation of trabeculae -> Development of the periosteum

46
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Second, bone forms within hyaline cartilage. Development of the cartilage model ->Growth of the cartilage model ->Development of the primary ossification center ->Development of the medullary cavity -> Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate

47
Q

Growth in length

A

Interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate and replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.

48
Q

Growth in thickness

A

Appositional growth.
Periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts then osteocytes.
Ridges fuse to enclose blood vessel, periosteum becomes endosteum.
Osteoblasts depost bone forming new concentric lamellae.
Osteoblasts under the periosteum deposit new circumferential lamellae increasing thickness.

49
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.

50
Q

Bone resorption

A

Removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts. Destroys bone extcelma

51
Q

Bone Deposition

A

Addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts. Forms bone extcelma.

52
Q

Fracture, Stress Fracture

A

Break, stress = microscopic fissuers

53
Q

Reactive phase - Fracture Hematoma

A

Early inflammatory phase, blotted blood form around fracture (fh) 6-8hr after injury

54
Q

Fibrocartilaginous Callus

A

Reparative phase. Mass of repair tissue consisting of collagen fibers, and cartilage that bridges broken ends. 3 weeks.

55
Q

Bony (hard) Callus

A

Reparative phase, fibrocartilage converted to spongy bone, in areas close to well-vascularized healthy bone tissue.

56
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Regulated calcium exchange. Increases blood calcium level.

Parathyroid detects, releases AMP, and synthesizes more PTH, which increase osteoclasts which speed up bone resorprtion.

57
Q

Calcitriol

A

PTH stimulates formation of calcitriol (active vit D) helps elevate

58
Q

Calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin, decreases.

59
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Porous bones, bone resorption replaces bone deposition, because of depletion of calcium.

60
Q

Rickets and Osteomalacia

A

Rickets is a disease of children in which the growing bones become “soft” or rubbery and are easily deformed. Because new bone formed at the epiphyseal (growth) plates fails to ossify, bowed legs and deformities of the skull, rib cage, and pelvis are common. Osteomalacia is the adult counterpart of rickets

BIOL 235 - Section 1 (9 decks)

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