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BIOL 235 - Section 1 > Chapter 5 - The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

A

Composed of skin, hair, oil, sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors. Temperature, Protection, Sensory.

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2
Q

Skin or cutaneous membrane

A

AKA Cutaneous Membrane, largest organ

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Superifical, Avascular

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4
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue, Vascular

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5
Q

Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

A

In the dermis, consists of areolar and adipose tissues. Fibers that extend from dermis anchor the skin to the subQ layer, attaching to fascia. Storage for fat, has large blood vessels.

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6
Q

Lamellated corpuscle or pacinian corpuscle

A

subQ contains these nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure.

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7
Q

Keratinocyte

A

90% of epidermis cells. Arranged in 4or5 layers to produce protein. Also produce lamellar granules

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8
Q

Keratin

A

Protein, tough, fibrous to protect.

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9
Q

Melanocyte

A

8% of epidermis cells. Produce pigment, transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes.

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10
Q

Melanin

A

Yellow-red or brown-black. Absorbs UV, protective veil over nucleus.

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11
Q

Intraepidermal Macrophages / Langerhans Cell

A

From red bone marrow to epidermal cells. Immune responses, easily damaged by UV.

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12
Q

Tactile Epithelial Cells or Merkel Cell

A

least numerous. Deepest layer of epidermis contact disks for touch.

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13
Q

Tactile Disk or Merkel Disk

A

Flattened process of a sensory neuron for touch.

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14
Q

Thin and Thick skin

A

Thin=four strata and thin stratum corneum.

Thick=where exposure to friction is greatest, five strata and thick stratum corneum.

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15
Q

stratum basale or stratum germinativum

A

Deepest layer of epidermis. Single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes, some are stem cells.

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16
Q

keratin intermediate filaments (tonofilaments)

A

The cytoskeleton within keratinocytes include these, to form keratin.

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17
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  1. 8-10 layers of keratinocytes. Coarser bundles of keratin. Have spinelike projections which insert into desmosome to joins cells together for strength and flexibility.
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18
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Middle. 3-5 layers. Apoptosis. Keratinocytes carry on vital metabolic reactions. (transition layer)

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19
Q

Keratohyalin

A

Dark staining granules, assembles keratin intermediate filaments into keratin.

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20
Q

Lamellar Granules

A

Inside keratinocytes are membrane enclosed lamellar granules- fuse with the plasma membrane and release a lipid-rich secretion. (water-repellant)

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21
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Only in thick skin. 4-6 layers.

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22
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

25-30 layers, no nuecleus or organeles. Cells overlap, continuously shed

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23
Q

Callus

A

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increased cell production and keratin production that results in the formation of a callus, an abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum.

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24
Q

Keratinization

A

As cells move from one epidermal layer to the next they accumulate more and more keratin.

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25
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic skin disorder, keratinocytes divide more quickly and shed prematurely- need to suppress cell division.

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26
Q

Papillary Region

A

Thin collagen and fine elastic fibres.

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27
Q

Dermal Papilla

A

Small nipple-shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis.

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28
Q

Capillary Loops

A

Blood vessels.

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29
Q

Corpuscle of Touch or Meissner Corpuscle

A

nerve endings sensitive to touch

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30
Q

Free nerve ending

A

Dendrites that lack structural specialization but initiate signals for sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickling, itching.

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31
Q

Reticular Region

A

Attached to the subcutaneous layer, contains bundles of thick collagen fibers, scattered fibroblasts, and various wandering cells.

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32
Q

Extensibility

A

Strength/Ability to stretch

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33
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to return to original shape after stretching.

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34
Q

Epidermal Ridge

A

Surfaces of palms, fingers, soles, toes. Straight lines, loops, whorls. Ridges create strong bond for mechanical stress. Increase surface area and grip by increasing friction.

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35
Q

Fingerprints/Footprints

A

.Ducts of sweat glands open on the tops of epidermal ridges as sweat pores, forming prints when touching a smooth object. not even twins match.

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36
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Yellow to red

37
Q

Eumelanin

A

Brown to black

38
Q

Nevus

A

Benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes

39
Q

Albinism and Vitiligo

A

Inability to produce melanin vs Partial or loss of melanocytes from patches.

40
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow-orange pigment, precursor for vitamin A, excess stored in skin.

41
Q

Cyanotic, Jaundice, Erythema, Pallor

A

Bluish - Yellow - Redness - Pale

42
Q

Functions of hair

A

Guards scalp, decreases heat loss, prevent foreign particles.

43
Q

Shaft

A

Superficial portion above skin

44
Q

Root

A

penetrates into dermis

45
Q

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

A

two or three rows of irregularly shaped cells that contain pigment molecules.
Elongated cells. Cuticle outermost, heavily keratinized.

46
Q

Hair follicle

A

surrounding root, epithelial root sheath

47
Q

Bulb

A

base of each hair follicle surrounding dermal root sheath.

48
Q

Matrix

A

responsible for growth of existing hairs.

49
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Smooth muscle - contracts with cold or fright to raise hair

50
Q

Hair root plexus

A

Dendrites of neurons, sensitive to touch, generating nerve impulses

51
Q

Hair growth; stages.

A

Growth-Regression-Resting

52
Q

Alopecia

A

Baldness

53
Q

Lanugo

A

Very fine, non pigmented downy hairs covering fetus.

54
Q

Terminal hairs

A

Eyebrows, lashes, scalp, heavily pigment.

55
Q

Vellus Hairs

A

Lanugo of the rest of the body, peach fuzz.

56
Q

Hair colour

A

Amount and type of melanin

57
Q

Sebaceous gland or oil gland

A

Simple, branched acinar (rounded) glands. Usually connected to hair follicles,

58
Q

Acne

A

Inflammation of sebaceous glands because of bacteria

59
Q

Sudoriferous gland

A

Release sweat into hair follicles or skin.

60
Q

Eccrine sweat gland

A

Simple, coiled tubular, more common, From dermis to surface of epidermis

61
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Sweat evaporates so heat leaves body surface

62
Q

Thermoregulatory sweating

A

Forehead and scalp then rest of body

63
Q

Insensible and sensible perspiration

A

Evaporates before perceived as moisture vs seen as moisture

64
Q

Emotional sweating

A

Stress, palms, soles, and axillae.

65
Q

Apocrine sweat gland

A

SKin of axillae, groin, areolae, bearded, clit, labia minora, deep dermis to hair follicles. sweat plus lipids and proteins, emotional stress or sex

66
Q

Ceruminous gland

A

External auditory canal, subcutaneous layer to external auditory canal or ducts of sebaceous glands. Cerumen (wax) prevents water and foreign material.

67
Q

Nail body

A

Visible plate

68
Q

Hyponychium

A

Secures nail to fingertip

69
Q

Eponychium

A

cuticle

70
Q

Free edge

A

Extend past digit

71
Q

Nail root

A

Buried in fold of skin

72
Q

Lunula

A

White moon

73
Q

Nail matrix

A

Cells divide mitotically

74
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Liberating sweat or adjusting blood flow

75
Q

Blood reservoir

A

8-10% of total blood flow in extensive network of blood vessels (in dermis)

76
Q

Protection

A

Keratin protects from microbes, abrasion, heat. Lipids inhibit evaporation of water, Melanin UV,

77
Q

Cutaneous sensations

A

Touch, pressure, vibration, tickling, warm, cool, pain

78
Q

Excretion and absorption

A

excretes water some salt, co2, ammonia and urea.
Absorbs fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK), certain drugs, oxygen and co2.
Can absorb acetone, ccl4, lead, mercury, arsenic, cortisone, steoids.

79
Q

Synthesis of vitamin D

A

Enzymes in liver and kidneys modify activated UV molecule to produce calcitriol.

80
Q

Epidermal wound healing

A

.Basal cells of the epidermmis break contact with basement membrane, migrate until meeting. EGF stimulates basal stem cells to divide and replace the missing ones, thickening epidermis.

81
Q

Inflammatory phase

A

Blood clot loosely unites edges. Inflammation eliminates microbes, enhances delivery.

82
Q

Migratory phase

A

Clot becomes scab, epithelial cells migrate to bridge the wound. Fibroblasts synthesize scar tissue, blood vessels regrow.

83
Q

Granulation tissue

A

Tissue filling wound in migratory phase

84
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Extensive growth of epithelial cells, deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibers, growth of blood vessels

85
Q

Maturation phase

A

Scab sloughs off, collagen organizes, fibroblasts decrease, blood vessels normal.

86
Q

Fibrosis

A

Scar tissue formation

87
Q

Pressure ulcers

A

Constant deficiency of blood flow to tissues.

88
Q

Sebum

A

a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts. Sebum coats the surface of hairs and helps keep them from drying and becoming brittle. Sebum also pre- vents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps the skin soft and pliable, and inhibits the growth of some (but not all) bacteria.

BIOL 235 - Section 1 (9 decks)

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