Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
Principal Chemical Elements of the human body
Major: Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Atom
smallest units of mater that retain the properties and characteristics of the element
Ion
an atom that has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons
Molecule
two or more atoms share elections
Compound
substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements
Ionic bond
Ions of opposite forces,
Covalent bond
Share electrons
Hydrogen bond
hydrogen partial positive, attracts partial negative
Chemical reaction
when new bonds for, or break, foundations of all life processes
Synthesis
two or more form new and larger
Decomposition
split up
Exchange
AB + CD -> AD + BC
Reversible reactions
products can revert to reactants
pH
Concentration of H+ moles per litre
Buffer systems
function to convert strong acids or bases into weak ones
Carbohydrates
sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose. 2-3% of body mass. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Three major groups: monosacchardies, disaccharides, polysacchardies.
lipids
Organic, C, H, O but proportion of oxygen smaller than carbs. Insoluble in water, hydrophobic
proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Sometimes sulfur.
Lesser elements
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron
Hydrolysis reaction
enable dietary nutrients to be absorbed
Dehydration synthesis
two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule
Acid
dissociates into H+
Base
proton acceptor, dissociates into OH-
Salt
dissociates into neither H or OH
Lipoproteins
soluble because protein outside and lipid inside
