Chapter 1 - An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy
the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other
Physiology
science that deals with the functions of an organism or its parts
Chemical level
atoms, molecules
Cellular level
molecules combine to form cells
Tissue level
groups of cells and surrounding materials working to perform functions/ Epithelial, connective, muscular, nevrous
Organ level
composed of tissues, stomach skin, bones, brain, liver, heart
System level
related organs with common functions
Organismal level
any living individual
Integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands, protects body, regulates temp, eliminates waste, vitamin d secretion, sensation, stores fat, provides insulation
Skeletal system
bones, joints, cartilage, support, protection, movement, stores minerals and lipids
Muscular system
skeletal muscle tissue, movement, posture, heat,
Nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eyes, ears), generate action potentials to regulate, detect/interpret changes
Endocrine system
Hormone producing glands, (pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes.) Regulate body activity by releasing hormones
Cardiovascular system
blood, heart, blood vessels
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses. Returns proteins and fluid to blood.
Respiratory system
Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes
Digestive system
Physical and chemical breakdown of food
Urinary system
kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, waste
Reproductive system
gonads, gametes, hormones
Basic life processes
Metabolism, Growth, Responsiveness, organization, Differentiation, Reproduction, movement
Homeostasis
balance of internal environment. Maintaining volume and composition of body fluids, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, vitreous body
Feedback system
Stimulus -> controlled condition -> receptors -> input to control centre to output -> effectors -> response
Negative feedback system reverses a change
Positive strengthen/reinforces
Prone
facedown
Supine
face up
Anatomical
standing, palms forward
Electrolyte
Liquid and ions to conduct electricity
Free radical
Unpaired valence electron, uncharged molecule
Afferent
toward centre
Efferent
away from
Effector
body structure that receives output and responds
Epidemiology
why, when, where, diseases occur and how they transfer
Mass
amount of matter in any object
Cranial cavity
Cranial bones that form a hollow space of the head to contain the brain
Bertebral (spinal canal)
the bones of the bertebral column containing spinal cord
Meninges
Three layers of protective tissue and fluid
Thoracic cavity
formed by the ribs the muscles, sternum and thoracic portion of the vertebral column
Pericardial cavity
within thoracic, fluid filled space to surround the heart, and pleural cavities around the lungs
Diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from adominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelic vaity
extends from diaphragm to the groin
Abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, spleen , liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
Inferior abdominal cavity
contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system. Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera.
Serous membraine
covers viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and the abdomen. 1- parital layer, 2- viseral layer, serous fluid in between so viscera slide
Metabolism
Life sustaining chemical reactions. The three main purposes of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the elimination of metabolic wastes.
Catabolism
Produces energy. the breaking down of compounds (for example, of glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration)
Anabolism
Consumes energy. the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids).
Interstitial fluid
Fills spaces between cells of tissues
blood plasma
ECF within blood vessles
cerebrospinal fluid
ECF around brain and spinal cord
synovial fluid
ECF around joints
aqueous humor / vitreous body
ECF around eyes
Afferent pathway
input to control centre, TOWARD
Efferent pathway
output from control centre, AWAY from
Effector
body structure that receives output from control centre and produces a response
Disorder
any abnormality of structure or function
Disease
specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. Systemic = entire body
