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VCE Biology - Edrolo - Units 3 & 4 > Chapter 9 - How species evolve > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - How species evolve Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive potential

A

the ability for a population to adjust to new environmental selection pressures

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2
Q

advantageous phenotype

A

a biochemical, physical, or
behavioural trait that increases an organism’s fitness in its local environment

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3
Q

allele

A

an alternate form of a gene

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4
Q

allele frequency 

A

the proportion of certain alleles in a gene pool

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5
Q

allopatric speciation

A

the geographic separation of a population from a parent population resulting in the formation of a new species

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6
Q

aneuploidy

A

when a cell or organism varies in the usual amount of chromosomes in its genome by the addition or loss of a chromosome

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7
Q

antigenic drift

A

small and gradual mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

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8
Q

antigenic shift 

A

sudden and significant mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

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9
Q

antimicrobial agent

A

an agent that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms. Examples include antiseptics, disinfectants, antifungals, antivirals, and antibacterial agents

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10
Q

antimicrobial resistance

A

the ability of a microorganism to survive exposure to an antimicrobial agent

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11
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

the process in which bacteria exchange genetic material via direct cell-cell contact

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12
Q

block mutation

A

a mutation that affects a large chunk of DNA, or an entire gene

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13
Q

bottleneck effect

A

the reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a large proportion of a population is removed due to a chance event

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14
Q

competition

A

interactions between organisms in which both are negatively impacted when vying for the same limited resource. Can exist within or between species

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15
Q

degenerate

A

a property of the genetic code which means that a single amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon

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16
Q

deleterious

A

used to describe alleles that have an overall negative effect on individual fitness when expressed

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17
Q

deleterious allele

A

an allele that has an overall negative effect on individual fitness when expressed

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18
Q

desirable trait

A

a heritable phenotype that humans select for during selective breeding

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19
Q

disadvantageous allele

A

an allele that encodes for a biochemical, physical, or behavioural trait that lowers an individual’s fitness in its local environment

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20
Q

ecological niche 

A

the specific environmental conditions and resources or selection pressures within a particular environment

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21
Q

emigration

A

the movement out of a population

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22
Q

environmental selection
pressure

A

a factor in the environment (e.g. limited resources, deforestation, changing temperature, predation) that impacts an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

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23
Q

epidemic 

A

a dramatically increased occurrence of a disease in a particular community at a particular time

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24
Q

evolution

A

the change in the genetic makeup of a population over successive generations

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25
Q

fertile

A

the ability to produce offspring

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26
Q

fitness 

A

a measure of how well an organism survives and reproduces in its environment

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27
Q

founder effect

A

the reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a population is derived from a small unrepresentative sample of the original population

28
Q

frameshift mutation 

A

a mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides, altering every codon from that point forward

29
Q

gene flow

A

the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration or interbreeding of individuals between two populations

30
Q

gene pool 

A

the complete set of alleles present within a particular population

31
Q

genetic diversity

A

the variation in genetic makeup or alleles within a population

32
Q

genetic diversity

A

the variation in genetic makeup or alleles within a population

33
Q

genetic diversity 

A

the variation in genetic makeup or alleles within a population

34
Q

genetic drift 

A

a random event that dramatically alters a population’s gene pool

35
Q

gene 

A

a section of DNA that carries the code to make a protein

36
Q

genotype

A

the genetic composition of an organism at a particular gene locus

37
Q

geographic barrier

A

a physical factor that prevents gene flow, and thereby stops two populations from breeding together

38
Q

germline cell 

A

a cell involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes

39
Q

heritability

A

the transmission from parent to offspring (i.e. encoded in genes)

40
Q

homozygous 

A

having identical alleles for the same gene on homologous chromosomes

41
Q

immigration

A

the movement into a population

42
Q

inbreeding 

A

sexual reproduction between two related individuals

43
Q

interbreeding 

A

when two individuals living in different populations mate and have offspring

44
Q

missense mutation 

A

a mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon and coding for a different amino acid. Therefore, there can potentially be an effect on protein structure

45
Q

mutagen

A

an agent that can cause mutations in DNA

46
Q

mutation

A

a permanent change to a DNA sequence

47
Q

natural selection

A

a mechanism through which organisms that are better adapted to their environment have an increased chance of surviving and passing on their alleles

48
Q

nonsense mutation

A

a mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon to a stop codon, prematurely ceasing translation of the gene’s mRNA. Therefore, there is an effect on protein structure

49
Q

normal flora 

A

naturally occurring, non-pathogenic microbes present in an organism

50
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries and/or continents

51
Q

phenotype

A

the physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that are the result of gene expression and the environment

52
Q

point mutation 

A

a mutation that alters a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence

53
Q

polyploidy 

A

when an organism contains additional sets of chromosomes in its genome

54
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area

55
Q

reading frame

A

the order in which nucleotide triplets or codons are divided into a consecutive, non-overlapping sequence

56
Q

recessive allele

A

a trait that can be masked by a dominant allele on a homologous chromosome

57
Q

selective advantage

A

an organism conferred a beneficial allele, which increases its chances of survival against a specific environmental selection pressure

58
Q

selective breeding

A

the changing of a population’s gene pool due to humans altering the breeding behaviour of animals and plants to develop a selected trait. Also known as artificial selection

59
Q

silent mutation

A

a mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon, but still coding for the same amino acid. Therefore, there is no effect on protein structure

60
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell in an organism that is not a germline cell

61
Q

species

A

a group of individuals who are able to breed with each other and produce viable and fertile offspring

62
Q

sympatric speciation 

A

the divergence of a species from an original species without the presence of a geographical barrier

63
Q

unrepresentative sample

A

a small selection of individuals from a larger group that does not reflect the characteristics of the larger group

64
Q

viable

A

able to survive

65
Q

viral recombination

A

the combination of surface antigens from two or more different strains of a virus to form a completely new virus subtype

66
Q

virulence

A

the potential of a pathogen or disease to cause serious illness or harm

VCE Biology - Edrolo - Units 3 & 4 (11 decks)

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