Chapter 11 - Becoming human Flashcards
Homo sapiens
the species name for modern humans
taxon (pl. taxa)
a unit of biological classification into which related organisms are classified. Taxa are arranged in a hierarchical rank from kingdom down to species, where members of a specific taxon typically share certain morphological characteristics
mammals
warm-blooded vertebrates belonging to the taxonomic class Mammalia that have mammary glands, hair/fur, three middle ear bones, and one lower jawbone
primates
the highest order of mammals, comprised of about 400 different living species who share a number of features including opposable digits and binocular vision
hominoids
members of the superfamily Hominoidea that includes apes and humans
hominins
members of the taxonomic tribe Hominini that includes modern humans and our upright-walking ancestors
cranium
the part of the skull that covers the brain
prehensile
the ability to grasp objects
opposable digit
a digit (either the thumb, big toe, or both) that is able to touch all the other digits on the same appendage
precision grip
a type of grip involving the tips of the thumb and finger, used by primates (to varying extents) for precise manipulation of objects of various sizes
power grip
a type of grip involving the palm and the fingers, used by primates (to varying extents) for moving and manipulating objects. The power grip generates more force due to the significant use of the palm
bipedalism
using two legs for walking upright
canine teeth
a type of tooth in mammals that is relatively long and pointed
foramen magnum
the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes. A more centralised foramen magnum indicates bipedal locomotion
brow ridge
a bony ridge above the eye sockets. It is found in all primates, but is greatly reduced in Homo sapiens
sagittal crest
a ridge of hard bone running lengthwise (front to back) along the top of the skull. A pronounced sagittal crest indicates strong jaw muscles
femur angle
the angle between the top and bottom of the femur when standing. It is greater in hominins when compared to other primates
genus (pl. genera)
a taxonomic rank above species and below family. Modern humans belong to the genus Homo
foramen magnum
the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes. A more
centralised foramen magnum indicates bipedal locomotion
biped
an individual that moves on two legs (upright-walking)
arboreal
living in or amongst trees
cerebrum
the largest part of the brain, which comprises two-thirds of the brain’s entire weight and is responsible for a large range of vital functions including sensory processing, motor control, and visual and spatial learning
sagittal crest
a ridge of hard bone running lengthwise (front to back) along the top of the skull. A pronounced sagittal crest indicates strong jaw muscles
arm to leg ratio
the ratio of arm length to leg length. Tree-dwelling
hominids have longer arms and shorter legs, or a larger arm to leg ratio
inference
conclusions or assumptions reached by analysing and extrapolating from evidence
transitional fossil
a fossil that shows traits that are common to both its ancestral group and its descendant group. They are particularly important when the descendant species is physically very distinct from the ancestral species, such that the transitional fossil can help demonstrate evolutionary changes between the two
interbreeding
refers to the mating between different species (e.g. between Homo sapiens and other closely related species such as Neanderthals and Denisovans). Also known as crossbreeding
multiregional hypothesis
a model for the geographical spread of Homo sapiens which suggests that separate human populations evolved independently from earlier hominins that had spread throughout Eurasia and experienced gene flow. Also known as the regional continuity model
Out of Africa hypothesis
a model for the geographical spread of Homo sapiens which suggests that humans first
developed and evolved in Africa before migrating outwards and expanding their colonies, replacing the earlier hominins that had spread prior. Also known as the African replacement model
emigration
leaving one place to settle permanently in another
morphological clades
combinations of various physical characteristics that are unique to particular geographical regions across a wide timespan
Connection to Country
a reciprocal relationship between First Nations people and their ancestral lands and seas
Country
an area that is traditionally owned and looked after by an Aboriginal language group or community, or by certain people within that group. The term may indicate more than simply a geographical area – it is also a concept that can encompass the spiritual meaning and feelings of deep connection and attachment associated with that area
Dreaming
an Aboriginal philosophy that describes the time when Ancestral Spirits (Dreaming Beings) moved over the land and created life and important geographical sites. It explains the origins of the universe, as well as the relationships between humans, animals, and the land on which they live. The Dreaming is passed down through generations and governs familial, relational, communal and spiritual obligations for Aboriginal Australians. Also known as The Dreamtime
totem
emblems or symbols that represent the spiritual connection (Dreaming) between Aboriginal people and Country. Totems can take a range of different forms, such as animals, plants, and landscapes
totemic relationships
shared kinship between specific totems and the family, clan, individual and/or language group
moieties
a two way division of society into maternal and paternal groups
