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VCE Biology - Edrolo - Units 3 & 4 > Chapter 5 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

photoautotroph

A

an organism capable of undertaking photosynthesis

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2
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process of capturing light energy to power the production of glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water
6CO2 + 12H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6CO2 + 6H2O

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3
Q

mesophyll cell

A

a plant cell type found in leaves that contain large amounts of chloroplasts

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4
Q

chloroplast

A

a membrane-bound organelle only found in plant and photoautotroph cells that is the site of photosynthesis

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5
Q

chlorophyll

A

a chemical found in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. It is responsible for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis

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6
Q

stoma (pl. stomata) 

A

a small pore on the leaf’s surface that opens and closes to regulate gas exchange

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7
Q

xylem

A

vascular tissue in plants responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

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8
Q

light-dependent stage

A

the first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy splits water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen inside the thylakoid membranes. Also known as the light-dependent reactions
12H2O + 12NADP(+) +18ADP & Pi = 6O2 + 12NADPH + 18ATP

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9
Q

thylakoid

A

a flattened sac-like structure housed inside the chloroplast. Each thylakoid is made up of a chlorophyll-containing membrane enclosing a lumen. Thylakoids are the location of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis

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10
Q

granum (pl. grana)

A

a stack of thylakoids

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11
Q

NADPH

A

a coenzyme that is a proton (H+) and electron carrier in photosynthesis (transfers hydrogen ions)

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12
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate, a high energy molecule that, when broken down, provides energy for cellular processes

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13
Q

photolysis

A

the process in which molecules are broken down by the action of light

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14
Q

light-independent stage 

A

the second stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is used to form glucose in the stroma of a chloroplast. Also known as the Calvin cycle, the dark stage, or the light-independent reactions
6CO2 + 12NADPH + 18ATP = C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 12NADP(+) + 18ADP &Pi

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15
Q

stroma

A

the fluid substance that makes up the interior of chloroplasts. It is the site of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

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16
Q

enzyme

A

an organic molecule, typically a protein, that catalyses (speeds up) specific reactions

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17
Q

Rubisco 

A

a pivotal enzyme involved in initial carbon fixation during the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

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18
Q

carbon fixation

A

the process in living organisms where inorganic carbon, typically within carbon dioxide, is converted into organic compounds such as glucose. Carbon fixation is a central part of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

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19
Q

inorganic 

A

a compound that does not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond, e.g. carbon dioxide

20
Q

organic 

A

a compound containing a carbon-hydrogen bond, e.g. glucose

21
Q

substrate

A

the reactant of a reaction catalysed by an enzyme

22
Q

photorespiration

A

a wasteful process in plants initiated by Rubisco that limits photosynthesis

23
Q

affinity

A

the tendency of a molecule/atom to bind or react with another molecule/atom

24
Q

C3 plants 

A

plants with no evolved adaptation to minimise photorespiration

25
Q

C4 plants

A

plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle over space

26
Q

bundle-sheath cell

A

a plant cell type that is the site of most of the Calvin cycle in C4 plants

27
Q

CAM plants 

A

plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle over time

28
Q

plateau

A

to reach a state where no further change occurs

29
Q

saturation point

A

the point at which a substance (e.g. an enzyme) cannot receive more of another substance (e.g. a substrate)

30
Q

limiting factor

A

a factor that prevents the rate of reaction from increasing

31
Q

limiting reagent

A

a reactant that prevents the rate of reaction from increasing

32
Q

optimal

A

the point at which for a given condition (e.g. temperature), the maximum function of an enzyme occurs. Also known as optimum

33
Q

denature

A

the disruption of a molecule’s structure by an external factor such as heat

34
Q

enzyme inhibitor

A

a molecule that binds to and prevents an enzyme from functioning

35
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

a molecule that hinders an enzyme by blocking the active site and preventing the substrate from binding

36
Q

non-competitive inhibitor

A

a molecule that hinders an enzyme by binding to an allosteric site and changing the shape of the active site to prevent the substrate from binding

37
Q

allosteric site 

A

a region on an enzyme that is not the active site

38
Q

reversible inhibition

A

enzyme inhibition that involves weaker bonds that can be overcome

39
Q

irreversible inhibition

A

enzyme inhibition that involves stronger bonds that cannot be broken

40
Q

CRISPR

A

short, clustered repeats
of DNA found in prokaryotes
which protects them against
viral invasion

41
Q

CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)

A

an endonuclease that creates a blunt end cut at a site specified by guide RNA (gRNA)

42
Q

genetic modification

A

the manipulation of an organism’s genetic material using biotechnology

43
Q

genetically modified organism (GMO)

A

an organism with genetic material that has been altered using genetic engineering technology

44
Q

arable land

A

land that is suitable for growing crops

45
Q

yield 

A

the amount of agricultural product harvested per area of land

VCE Biology - Edrolo - Units 3 & 4 (11 decks)

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