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VCE Biology - Edrolo - Units 3 & 4 > Chapter 8 - Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

active immunity

A

protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells formed by a person’s own adaptive immune system

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2
Q

airborne transmission

A

the spread of pathogens through air via small particles (traditionally <5 µm)

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3
Q

antibiotic

A

medications used to kill bacteria or slow their growth

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4
Q

antimicrobial resistance 

A

the ability of a microorganism to survive exposure to an antimicrobial agent

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5
Q

antiseptic

A

a substance that is applied to living tissue to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms

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6
Q

antivenom

A

a medical treatment containing antibodies specific to the toxins present in venomous bites or stings

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7
Q

antiviral 

A

medications used to treat viral infections

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8
Q

apoptosis

A

the controlled death of cells in the body. Also known as programmed cell death

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9
Q

artificial active immunity

A

protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory
cells produced by an individual’s own immune system after medical intervention. Also known as artificially acquired active immunity

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10
Q

artificial immunity

A

protection against a disease formed as a result of medical intervention. Also known as induced immunity

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11
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external medical source. Also known as artificially acquired passive immunity

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12
Q

autoantibodies

A

antibodies directed against an organism’s own tissues

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13
Q

autoimmune disease

A

a disease in which an individual’s immune system initiates an immune response against their own cells

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14
Q

autoreactive

A

a cell that recognises a self-tissue or self-antigen as non-self

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15
Q

B lymphocyte

A

a type of lymphocyte that plays an important role in humoral immunity and differentiates into plasma cells and B memory cells

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16
Q

booster vaccine

A

a vaccination given to a person later in time after they have completed their initial vaccination program to enhance their existing immunity against a disease. Also known as a booster shot

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17
Q

cancer

A

a disease caused by the uncontrolled replication of cells with the ability to migrate to other parts of the body

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18
Q

chimeric

A

an organism or cell containing genetic material from another organism or cell

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19
Q

complement proteins 

A

a number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonise, cause lysis, and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens

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20
Q

conjugated monoclonal antibodies 

A

monoclonal antibodies with other molecules (e.g. chemotherapy drugs or radioisotopes) attached to them

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21
Q

contagious

A

a property of a pathogen or disease meaning that it can be transmitted from one organism to another

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22
Q

contagious disease

A

an illness caused by a pathogen that can be transmitted and spread between different people

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23
Q

direct physical contact transmission

A

the spread of pathogens through contact between a host and another individual

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24
Q

disinfectant

A

a substance that is applied to non-living materials to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms

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25
Q

droplet transmission

A

the spread of pathogens through air and contaminated surfaces via respiratory droplets

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26
Q

emerging disease

A

an infectious disease that is new to the human population, or that is rapidly increasing in incidence

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27
Q

endemic

A

when a disease occurs at a relatively constant baseline level in a population

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28
Q

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A

an experimental technique used to identify a pathogen by determining the presence of antigens or antibodies in a sample

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29
Q

epidemic

A

a dramatically increased occurrence of a disease in a particular community at a particular time

30
Q

faecal-oral transmission

A

the spread of pathogens via oral consumption of contaminated faeces

31
Q

fomites

A

an inanimate object that, when contaminated with a pathogen, can transmit that pathogen to a new host

32
Q

fungicide

A

medications used to treat fungal infections

33
Q

herd immunity

A

protection against a disease conferred to non-immune individuals when a high percentage of a population is immune to the same disease. Herd immunity is often achieved through high rates of vaccination

34
Q

host 

A

an organism that harbours a pathogen

35
Q

hybridoma 

A

the product of the fusion between a mouse’s extracted plasma cell and a myeloma cell

36
Q

iatrogenic

A

describes a disease caused by medical intervention

37
Q

immune deficiency

A

a state in which the immune system is no longer able to protect the body against infection or disease. Also known as immunodeficiency

38
Q

immunosuppression

A

a reduction in the ability of the immune system to generate an immune response

39
Q

immunotherapy

A

medical interventions that treat disease by modulating the immune system, typically by either amplifying or reducing an immune response

40
Q

incidence

A

the frequency of a disease in a population

41
Q

indirect physical contact transmission

A

the spread of pathogens via contaminated objects or vectors

42
Q

infectious disease

A

an illness caused by a pathogen

43
Q

membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

a pore formed by complement proteins in the cell membrane of a pathogen, disrupting the membrane and leading to the pathogen’s destruction

44
Q

monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)

A

identical laboratory-made antibodies produced by plasma cell clones

45
Q

myeloma cells

A

rapidly-dividing cancerous plasma cells which are fused with extracted B cells from mice to produce hybridomas

46
Q

naked monoclonal antibodies

A

monoclonal antibodies that do not have any other molecules attached to them

47
Q

natural active immunity

A

protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells produced by an individual’s own immune system without medical intervention. Also known as naturally acquired active immunity

48
Q

natural active immunity

A

protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells produced by an individual’s own immune system without medical intervention. Also known as naturally acquired active immunity

49
Q

natural immunity

A

protection against a disease formed without medical intervention

50
Q

natural passive immunity

A

protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external non-medical source. Also known as naturally acquired passive immunity

51
Q

non-infectious disease

A

an illness not caused by a pathogen

52
Q

outbreak

A

a sudden and unexpected increase in the occurrence of a disease

53
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries and/or continents

54
Q

passive immunity

A

protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external source

55
Q

pathogen

A

an agent that causes disease

56
Q

primary immune response

A

the reaction of the adaptive immune system to an antigen it has not previously been exposed to

57
Q

re-emerging disease

A

an infectious disease that was previously under control but that is now increasing in incidence

58
Q

reservoir 

A

a population of animals or environment in which a pathogen normally lives

59
Q

respiratory droplets

A

droplets (traditionally >5 µm) produced by breathing, talking, vomiting, and coughing. They may contain saliva, mucus, and other substances from the respiratory tract, including cells/particles of pathogens

60
Q

secondary immune response

A

the heightened reaction of the adaptive immune system to an antigen it has previously been exposed to

61
Q

serology

A

the study of blood serum, typically to determine the presence of antibodies and/or antigens

62
Q

serum 

A

the fluid and solute component of blood that excludes blood cells, platelets, and clotting factors

63
Q

transmission

A

the passing of a pathogen from an infected host to another individual or group

64
Q

vaccination program

A

a series of vaccinations designed to create long-term immunity to a disease. Also known as a vaccination schedule

65
Q

vaccine

A

a medical treatment typically containing antigens designed to stimulate a person’s adaptive immune system to create immunity to a pathogen without actually causing disease

66
Q

vector

A

an organism that is not affected by a disease but spreads it between hosts

67
Q

vertical transmission

A

spread of pathogens from mother-to-child during gestation, during childbirth, or post-birth due to close physical contact and breastfeeding of a newborn

68
Q

virulence

A

the potential of a pathogen or disease to cause serious illness or harm

69
Q

zoonosis

A

an infectious disease that is caused by a pathogen that has transferred from an animal to a human

70
Q

methods of identifying pathogens:

A

PHYSICAL - Visualising pathogens using microscopes to determine their structure
PHENOTYPIC - (Selective media) – an agar plate designed to allow certain pathogens to grow and multiply to test for their presence in a sample. - (Biochemical test panels) – a series of tests designed to specify a sample’s genus and
species.
IMMUNOLOGICAL - (Serology) – the diagnosis of disease based on the presence of antibodies or antigens in a person’s serum. One example used to detect the presence of pathogenic antigens in a sample is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There are four main types of ELISA tests – direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive. The sandwich method of ELISA involves: (1) antibodies specific to a certain pathogen are attached to a plate; (2) the serum sample to be tested is then applied to the plate, resulting in any pathogen antigens present attaching to the antibodies; (3) a second detection antibody, linked to a colour-changing enzyme, is added to the plate, binding to any antibody-antigen complexes present; (4) a substrate is then added, reacting with the enzyme on the second antibody and changing colour/emitting a signal to reveal whether any pathogenic antigens were present in the sample
MOLECULAR - (Hybridisation-based detection) – labelled segments of genetic material that are complementary to a pathogen’s genetic material are added to a sample. If a signal is generated, it means a pathogen is present. (Whole-genome sequencing) – provides detailed information about the pathogen.

71
Q

Immune checkpoints

A

regulators in the immune system that, when activated, suppress the immune system

VCE Biology - Edrolo - Units 3 & 4 (11 decks)

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