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vce biology - edrolo - units 3 & 4 > Chapter 4 - DNA manipulation > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - DNA manipulation Flashcards

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1
Q

agarose gel

A

a sponge-like gel used
in gel electrophoresis that contains
pores for DNA fragments to move
through

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2
Q

amplify 

A

to increase the quantity of a molecule by making many copies

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3
Q

anneal 

A

the joining of two
molecules, for example two
complementary DNA strands
during the cooling phase of PCR

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4
Q

antibiotic resistance gene

A

gene
which confers antibiotic resistance

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5
Q

bacterial transformation

A

the
process by which bacteria take
up foreign DNA from their
environment. Scientists use this
process to introduce recombinant
plasmids into bacteria

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6
Q

bacteriophage

A

 a virus that infects
prokaryotic organisms

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7
Q

band

A

a line seen in the gel after
running gel electrophoresis that
corresponds to a collection of DNA
fragments of a specific size

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8
Q

base pair (bp)

A

a unit of
measurement that corresponds to
one nucleotide

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9
Q

blunt end 

A

the result of a straight cut across the double-stranded DNA by an endonuclease resulting in no overhanging nucleotides

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10
Q

buffer

A

an ion-rich solution that
carries electrical current through
the agarose gel

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11
Q

cisgenic organisms

A

 a genetically
modified organism that contains
foreign genetic material from
a sexually compatible donor
organism, typically from the
same species

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12
Q

CRISPR-associated protein 9
(Cas9)

A

an endonuclease that
creates a blunt end cut at a site
specified by guide RNA (gRNA)

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13
Q

CRISPR-Cas9

A

a complex formed
between gRNA and Cas9 which
can cut a target sequence of
DNA. Bacteria use this complex
for protection from viruses and
scientists have modified it to
edit genomes

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14
Q

CRISPR 

A

short, clustered repeats
of DNA found in prokaryotes
which protect them against
viral invasion

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15
Q

deleterious mutation

A

a change in DNA that negatively affects an individual

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16
Q

denature

A

the disruption of
a molecule’s structure by an
external factor such as heat

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17
Q

diabetes

A

a disease where the
body cannot properly produce
or respond to insulin

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18
Q

differentiation

A

the process in which cells develop specialised characteristics, typically transforming them from one cell type to another more specialised cell type

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19
Q

DNA profiling

A

the process of identification on the basis of an individual’s genetic information

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20
Q

electrode

A

conductors of electricity
that are attached to both ends of a
gel allowing an electrical current to
pass through it

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21
Q

electroporation

A

a method that involves delivering an electric shock to bacterial membranes to increase their membrane permeability and increase the likelihood of bacterial
transformation

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22
Q

elongate 

A

to synthesise
a longer polynucleotide

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23
Q

embryo

A

an early stage of
development in an organism.
In humans, used to refer to the
organism during the first eight
weeks of development

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24
Q

endonuclease

A

an enzyme that breaks the phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain

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25
Q

ethidium bromide

A

a fluorescent
dye that binds to DNA fragments in
a gel and allows them to be easily
visualised under ultraviolet light

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26
Q

forward primer

A

a DNA primer
that binds to the 3’ end of the
template strand and reads the
DNA in the same direction as
RNA polymerase

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27
Q

fusion protein

A

a protein made
when separate genes have been
joined and are transcribed and
translated together

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28
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

a technique
that separates DNA fragments
based on their molecular size

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29
Q

gene knock-in

A

a technique in gene
editing where scientists substitute
or add nucleotides in a gene

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30
Q

gene knockout 

A

a technique in
gene editing where scientists
prevent the expression of a target
gene to understand its function in
an organism

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31
Q

gene of interest

A

a gene scientists want to be expressed in recombinant bacteria. This gene often encodes a protein we wish to produce in commercial quantities. Also known as the desired gene

32
Q

gene therapy

A

repairing genetic mutations by replacing a defective gene with a healthy one

33
Q

genetic engineering technologies

A

refers to the artificial alteration
of an organism’s genome via
the exchange of foreign genetic
material, typically from another
organism. This is often done
external to the organism via the
use of a transfer vector such as a
plasmid. Also known as genetic
recombination technologies

34
Q

genetic engineering 

A

the process
of using biotechnology to alter the
genome of an organism, typically
with the goal of conferring some
desirable trait

35
Q

genetic modification

A

the
manipulation of an organism’s
genetic material using
biotechnology

36
Q

genetic modification

A

the manipulation of an organism’s genetic material using biotechnology

37
Q

genetic testing

A

screening an individual’s DNA for anomalies that may make them susceptible to a particular disease or disorder

38
Q

genetically modified organism
(GMO)

A

 an organism with
genetic material that has been
altered using genetic engineering
technology

39
Q

guide RNA (gRNA)

A

RNA which has a specific
sequence determined by CRISPR
to guide Cas9 to a specific site

40
Q

heat shock

A

a method that involves
rapidly increasing and decreasing
the temperature to increase
membrane permeability in order to
enhance the likelihood of bacterial
transformation

41
Q

heterozygous

A

 having different
alleles for the same gene on
homologous chromosomes

42
Q

homozygous

A

having identical
alleles for the same gene on
homologous chromosomes

43
Q

host organism

A

the organism
which researchers wish to
genetically modify

44
Q

insulin

A

a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels

45
Q

kilobase (kb) 

A

a unit of
measurement that corresponds
to one thousand nucleotides.
May also be written as kbp

46
Q

lane

A

the column of the gel corresponding to each sample of DNA

47
Q

ligase

A

an enzyme that joins
molecules, including DNA or
RNA, together by catalysing the
formation of phosphodiester bonds

48
Q

origin of replication (ORI)

A

a
sequence found in prokaryotes
that signals the start site of DNA
replication

49
Q

overhanging nucleotides 

A

unbonded nucleotides on the ends
of the DNA strand resulting from a
staggered cut

50
Q

plant tissue culture

A

a range of
techniques used to grow plant
cells, tissues, or organs under
sterile conditions using a nutrient
culture medium, such as an agar
plate or nutrient broth of known
composition. It is widely used to
produce clones of a plant

51
Q

plasmid vector

A

a piece of circular DNA that is modified to be an ideal vector for bacterial transformation experiments

52
Q

plasmid 

A

a small, circular loop
of DNA separate from the
chromosome, typically found
in bacteria

53
Q

polymerase

A

an enzyme that
synthesises a polymer from
monomers, such as forming
a DNA strand from nucleic acids

54
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 

A

a laboratory technique used
to produce many identical copies
of DNA from a small initial sample

55
Q

primer

A

a short, single strand
of nucleic acids that acts as a
starting point for polymerase
enzymes to attach

56
Q

primer

A

a short, single strand
of nucleic acids that acts as a
starting point for polymerase
enzymes to attach

57
Q

protospacer

A

a short sequence
of DNA extracted from a
bacteriophage by Cas1 and Cas2,
which has yet to be incorporated
into the CRISPR gene

58
Q

protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) 

A

a sequence of two-six nucleotides
that is found immediately next to
the DNA targeted by Cas9

59
Q

recognition site

A

a specific target
sequence of DNA upon which
restriction endonucleases act

60
Q

recombinant plasmid

A

a circular DNA vector that is ligated to incorporate a gene of interest

61
Q

reporter gene

A

gene with an easily
identifiable phenotype that can be
used to identify whether a plasmid
has taken up the gene of interest

62
Q

restriction endonuclease

A

any enzyme that acts like molecular scissors to cut nucleic acid strands at specific recognition sites. Also known as a restriction enzyme

63
Q

reverse primer

A

a DNA primer
that binds to the 3’ end of the
coding strand and reads the
DNA in the reverse direction
to RNA polymerase

64
Q

short tandem repeats (STR)

A

short, repeated sequences of
nucleotides found in the noncoding regions of nuclear DNA

65
Q

silenced 

A

describes a gene that is
prevented from being expressed

66
Q

single guide RNA (sgRNA)

A

guide RNA utilised by scientists to
instruct Cas9 to cut a specific site
when using CRISPR-Cas9 in gene
editing

67
Q

spacer 

A

short sequences of
DNA obtained from invading
bacteriophages that are added into
the CRISPR sequence

68
Q

standard ladder 

A

a mixture of DNA
fragments of known length that are
used to infer the size of fragments
in a sample

69
Q

sticky end

A

the result of a staggered cut through double-stranded DNA by an endonuclease resulting in overhanging nucleotides

70
Q

Taq polymerase 

A

a heat-resistant
DNA polymerase enzyme isolated
from the bacteria Thermus
aquaticus, which amplifies a
single-stranded DNA molecule
by attaching complementary
nucleotides

71
Q

thermal cycler 

A

a laboratory
apparatus which alters the
temperature in pre-programmed
steps for temperature-sensitive
reactions like PCR

72
Q

transgene

A

a gene that has been
artificially introduced into the
genome of a separate organism
(usually of another species)

73
Q

transgenic organism

A

a genetically
modified organism that contains
foreign genetic material from a
separate species (or recombinant
DNA from the same species that
has been manipulated before
introduction)

74
Q

vector

A

a means of introducing
foreign DNA into an organism.
Plasmids are a popular vector in
bacterial transformation

75
Q

virus

A

a non-cellular, infectious
agent composed of genetic
material enclosed in a protein coat
that requires a host cell to multiply

76
Q

well

A

an indent in the gel into
which a DNA sample is loaded

77
Q

zygote

A

the diploid cell formed by the combination of two haploid gamete cells

vce biology - edrolo - units 3 & 4 (11 decks)

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