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VCE Biology - Edrolo - Units 3 & 4 > Chapter 7 - Dealing with disease > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Dealing with disease Flashcards

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1
Q

afferent lymphatic vessel 

A

thin-walled structures that collect lymph from the tissues of the body and deliver it to lymph nodes

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2
Q

agglutination

A

the clumping of particles together. In the immune system, antibodies can help clump pathogens together

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3
Q

allergen

A

a non-pathogenic antigen that triggers an allergic reaction

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4
Q

allergic reaction

A

an overreaction of the immune system to a non-pathogenic antigen

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5
Q

antibody

A

a protein produced by plasma cells during the adaptive immune response that is specific to an antigen and combats pathogens in a variety of ways. Also known as immunoglobulin

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6
Q

antigen-antibody complex 

A

a structure formed by the complementary binding between antigen and antibody molecules

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7
Q

antigen-presenting cell

A

a subgroup of phagocytes that display the antigens from consumed pathogens on their surface and interact with the adaptive immune system

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8
Q

antigen 

A

any molecule that may trigger an immune response

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9
Q

apoptosis

A

the controlled death of cells in the body. Also known as programmed cell death

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10
Q

autoimmune disease

A

a disease in which an individual’s immune system initiates an immune response against their own cells

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11
Q

B lymphocyte 

A

a type of lymphocyte that plays an important role in humoral immunity and differentiates into plasma cells and B memory cells

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12
Q

B memory cell 

A

a differentiated B lymphocyte that is responsible for providing long-lasting immunological memory of an antigen

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13
Q

bone marrow

A

semi-solid tissue found within bones. Serves as the primary site of the creation of red blood cells and leukocytes

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14
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

an adaptive immune response in which infected or abnormal cells are destroyed by cytotoxic T cells. Also known as T cell immunity

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15
Q

cellular pathogen

A

a pathogen that has a cellular structure and exhibits the processes of a living organism. Examples include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites

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16
Q

chemical barrier

A

a component of the first line of defence that features the use of enzymes, toxins, and acids to protect against pathogen invasion

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17
Q

chemotaxis

A

the attraction of phagocytes towards a pathogen

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18
Q

cilium (pl. cilia)

A

thin, hair-like projection that protrudes from eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

circulatory system

A

a collection of tissues and organs involved in the transportation of substances around the body. Composed of the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems

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20
Q

clonal expansion

A

the process in which many copies of a lymphocyte are generated

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21
Q

clonal selection

A

the process in which B and T cells encounter an antigen that matches their antigen-binding site, and then generate many copies of themselves

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22
Q

complement cascade

A

a complex sequence of events which occurs after the activation of complement proteins

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23
Q

complement proteins

A

a number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonise, cause lysis, and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens

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24
Q

cuticle 

A

a waxy protective film covering the surface of a plant leaf

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25
Q

cytokine

A

a signalling molecule released by cells (typically in the immune system) which aids in communication between immune cells and helps protect against pathogens

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26
Q

cytotoxic T cell (Tc)

A

a differentiated T lymphocyte that is responsible for the destruction of infected or abnormal cells

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27
Q

degranulation

A

the release of granule contents from a cell

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28
Q

dendritic cell

A

a type of leukocyte that engages in phagocytosis and antigen presentation

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29
Q

differentiation

A

the process in which cells develop specialised characteristics, typically transforming them from one cell type to another more specialised cell type

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30
Q

disulphide bond

A

a strong covalent bond occurring between two sulphur atoms

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31
Q

effector cell

A

a cell that responds to a signal and produces a response

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32
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

thin-walled structures that collect lymph that has drained through lymph nodes, returning it back to circulation

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33
Q

eosinophil

A

a large granular leukocyte responsible for the release of toxic chemical mediators

34
Q

first line of defence

A

a component of the innate immune system characterised by the presence of physical, chemical, and microbiological barriers to keep pathogens out of the host organism

35
Q

flora

A

naturally occurring, non-pathogenic bacteria present in an organism

36
Q

gall 

A

an abnormal outgrowth of tissue in plants designed to limit the spread of an invading pathogen

37
Q

histamine

A

a molecule released by mast cells that plays a key role in inflammation

38
Q

humoral immunity

A

an adaptive immune response in which extracellular pathogens are targeted by specific antibodies produced by plasma cells. Also known as B cell immunity

39
Q

hyphae 

A

branching filaments of a fungus which help absorb nutrients from the environment

40
Q

immunological memory

A

the ability of the immune system to quickly and aggressively combat a previously encountered pathogen due to the presence of T and B memory cells

41
Q

inflammatory response

A

a series of biochemical events that occur in the body as a result of infection and/or trauma. Characterised by swelling, redness, pain, and heat in the affected tissue

42
Q

innate immune system

A

a component of the immune system that is composed of generalised and non-specific defences and/or responses to pathogens. Also known as the non-specific immune system.

43
Q

interferon

A

a cytokine released by virally infected cells that increases the viral resistance of neighbouring uninfected cells

44
Q

leukocytes

A

a group of blood cells responsible for protecting the body against pathogens and foreign material. Also known as white blood cells

45
Q

lymph

A

a pale fluid that flows through the lymphatic system and has a high concentration of leukocytes

46
Q

lymph node

A

a small secondary lymphoid tissue of the lymphatic system where antigen-presenting cells activate the adaptive immune system

47
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

the smallest form of lymphatic vessel. Located in the spaces between cells

48
Q

lymphatic system

A

a large network of vessels and tissues throughout the body that form an important component of both the circulatory and immune systems

49
Q

lysis

A

the disintegration or rupturing of a cell

50
Q

macrophage

A

a type of leukocyte found throughout the body that engages in phagocytosis and antigen presentation

51
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers

A

a group of proteins present on the surface of all self-cells that enables the immune system to distinguish it from non-self material. Also known as MHC proteins, MHC molecules, or self-antigens

52
Q

major histocompatibility
complex class I (MHC Class I) markers

A

expressed on all nucleated cells in the body. These mark cells as ‘self’ so that the immune system doesn’t attack them

53
Q

major histocompatibility
complex class II (MHC Class II) markers

A

expressed on antigen-presenting cells, which interact with T helper cells in the process of antigen-presentation

54
Q

mast cell

A

a type of leukocyte responsible for releasing histamine during allergic and inflammatory responses

55
Q

membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

a pore formed by complement proteins in the cell membranes of a pathogen, disrupting the membrane and leading to the pathogen’s destruction

56
Q

microbiological barrier

A

a component of the first line of defence in which the presence of normal flora limits the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Also known as microbiota barrier

57
Q

natural killer (NK) cell

A

a type of leukocyte responsible for the recognition and destruction of damaged and/or infected host cells

58
Q

neutrophil 

A

the most common type of leukocyte in the body. Engages in phagocytosis of pathogens and foreign material, as well as the release of cytokines

59
Q

non-cellular pathogen

A

a pathogen that neither has a cellular structure nor exhibits the processes of a living organism. Examples include viruses and prions

60
Q

non-self antigen

A

a molecule from outside the body that is recognised by the immune system and initiates an immune response. Also known as a foreign antigen

61
Q

non-specific

A

describes a component of the immune system that responds the same way to all pathogens

62
Q

opsonisation

A

the mechanism by which complement proteins attach to the surface of pathogens, making them easier to phagocytose

63
Q

parasite

A

an organism that lives in or on another organism, usually deriving nutrition from the host organism

64
Q

pathogen

A

an agent that causes disease

65
Q

phagocyte

A

a group of leukocytes responsible for the endocytosis and destruction of pathogens, foreign material, and cell debris

66
Q

physical barrier

A

a component of the first line of defence that features solid or fluid obstacles that block pathogen entry such as skin or mucus

67
Q

plasma cell 

A

a differentiated B lymphocyte that is responsible for the generation and secretion of antibodies during the humoral response

68
Q

primary lymphoid tissue

A

components of the lymphatic system that are responsible for the production and maturation of lymphocytes. Includes bone marrow and the thymus

69
Q

Rhesus antigen

A

an antigen on the surface of red blood cells that can cause an immune response if not matched correctly between donor and receiver

70
Q

second line of defence

A

a component of the innate immune system characterised by the nonspecific and immediate response to injury and pathogens by a variety of cells and molecules

71
Q

second line of defence

A

a component of the innate immune system characterised by the non-specific response to injury and/or pathogens by a variety of cells and molecules

72
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue

A

components of the lymphatic system that are responsible for the maintenance of mature lymphocytes and the activation of the adaptive immune response. Includes lymph nodes and the spleen

73
Q

spleen

A

an organ located in the upper abdomen that serves a variety of functions in the immune
system and the regulation of red blood cells

74
Q

stoma (pl. stomata)

A

a small pore on the leaf’s surface that opens and closes to regulate gas exchange

75
Q

T helper cell (Th)

A

a type of differentiated T lymphocyte that supports the functioning of a number of different immune cells, including the cloning and differentiation of selected T and B cells

76
Q

T lymphocyte

A

a type of lymphocyte that plays an important role in cell-mediated immunity. It differentiates into cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells, and T helper cells

77
Q

T memory cell

A

a differentiated T lymphocyte that is responsible for providing long-lasting immunological memory

78
Q

third line of defence

A

a subset of the immune system within vertebrates that is composed of the humoral and cell-mediated responses which create a specific immune response and form immunological memory. Also known as the adaptive immune system or specific immune response

79
Q

thymus

A

a primary lymphoid organ located in the chest. Serves as the site of T cell maturation

80
Q

tonsils

A

the name given to the two lymph nodes that reside at the back of the throat

81
Q

trichomes

A

small hairs on the surface of plants used to deter pathogens and/or insects

82
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening of blood vessels

VCE Biology - Edrolo - Units 3 & 4 (11 decks)

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