Chapter 9 - Exam 2

Question 1

Children with special health care needs

Answer 1

federal category of services for infants/children/adolescents with or at risk for physical/developmental disability caused by/associated with genetic/metabolic disorders, birth defects, prematurity, trauma, infection, or perinatal exposure to drugs

Question 2

Developmental delay

Answer 2

conditions represented by at least a 25% delay by standard eval. methods
term “developmental delay may be replaced with more specific type of medical diagnosis when child is older

Question 3

Full-term infant (≥ 37 weeks)
Preterm infant (born < 37 weeks gestation)

Answer 3

weight: 2500-3500 g (5.5-8.5 lbs)
length: 47-54 cm (18.5-21.5 in)
~ 4 mil births/year in US (88% of infants born are full-term)

Question 4

Low-Birth-Weight (LBW)

Answer 4

<2500 g (5 lb 8 oz)

Question 5

Very Low-Birth-Weight (VLBW)

Answer 5

<1500 g (3 lb 5 oz)

Question 6

Extremely Low-Birth-Weight (ELBW)

Answer 6

<1000 g (2 lb 3 oz)

Question 7

Neonatal Death

Answer 7

occurring from birth to 28 days after birth

Question 8

Perinatal Death

Answer 8

occurring after 20 weeks gestation to 28 days after birth

Question 9

Infant Mortality

Answer 9

death occurs within first year of life

major cause is LBW (8% of live births in US)

Question 10

Infants at risk

Answer 10

advances in health care have reduced infant mortality by ~ 45% between 1980-2008

Question 11

Infant survival rates for preterm/LBW/chronic conditions

Answer 11

Infants weighing 500-600 g (~23 weeks gestation) have ~30% chance survival
Infants weighing 900-1000 g (~29 weeks gestation) have ~88% chance survival

Question 12

Energy and Nutrient needs for infants at risk

Answer 12

increased calories rec. for premature infants
(120 kcal/kg/day)
may also be higher with illness
decreased cal for spina bifida or down syndrome
(3.0-3.5 g/kg protein)
4 g/kg may be needed for ELBW
(May need additional vit/min to support, or for “catch-up growth)

Question 13

Severe preterm birth and nutrition

Answer 13

~60,000 VLBW (28-32 weeks gestation) born in US every year
survival rate ~90%
Nutrition support generally required (*Parenteral - nutrients delivered direct to blood, or *Enteral - nutrients delivered direct to GI tract)

Question 14

Tube Feeding

Answer 14

Oral-gastric (OG) - mouth to stomach
Transpyloric - nose/mouth to S.I.
Gastronomy - surgical opening to stomach
Jejunostomy - surgical opening to S.I.

Question 15

Preterm infants and feeding

Answer 15

challenges in feeding VLBW or ELBW infants;

fatigue, low tolerance of volume, “disorganized feeding”

Question 16

Preterm infant feeding problems

Answer 16

preterm infants or infants with chronic health problems tend to have more feeding problems
(infants difficult to feed at higher risk for FTT, child abuse, or neglect)

Question 17

Infants with congenital anomalies

Answer 17

congenital anomaly - condition diagnosed at/near birth, usually genetic/chronic condition
(GI tract disorders; diaphragmatic hernia, tracheoesophageal atresia)
(cleft lip and palate)
(genetic disorders; maple syrup urine disease)

Question 18

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Answer 18

intestine protruding through hole in diaphragm (1 in 4,000 births)

Question 19

Tracheoesophageal Artesia

Answer 19

1 in 4,500 births

Question 20

Cleft Lip/Palate

Answer 20

~1 in 700 births

Question 21

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Answer 21

genetic disorder (1 in 180,000)
can result in coma and death