Chapter 8 - Exam 2

Question 1

Full Term Infant

Answer 1

37-42 weeks
2500-3800 g (5.5-8.5 lbs)
47-54 cm (18.5-21.5 in)
88% of US infants

Question 2

Infant Mortality

Answer 2

death occurs within first year

major cause - low birth weight

Question 3

Infant Mortality (factors associated)

Answer 3

Social and economical statues
access to health care
medical interventions
teen pregnancy

Question 4

Palmar reflex

Answer 4

Baby grasps object placed in the palm of its hand

Question 5

Rooting reflex

Answer 5

When baby’s cheek is stroked, turns head toward side of stimulation and opens its mouth

Question 6

Sucking relfex

Answer 6

baby sucks when an object is placed in its mouth

Question 7

Motor development

Answer 7

Top down, controls head first and legs last
Central to peripheral
influences ability to feed and amount of energy expended

Question 8

Cognitive development

Answer 8

sensorimotor development
interactions with the environment
adequate energy and protein
stimulation of social and emotional growth
genetics

Question 9

Growth assessment

Answer 9

newborns double birthweight by 4-6 months, and triple it by 1 year
growth reflects - nutritional adequacy, health status, economic and environmental adequacy
weight and length are important components of growth assessment

Question 10

Interpretation of growth data

Answer 10

CDC 2000 infant growth charts based on national surveys

Charts show; weight/length for age, weight for length, head circumference for age

Question 11

Warning signs of growth rate

Answer 11

lack of wt/lgth gain
plateau in wt/lgth or HC for > 1 mo.
drop in wt without regain in few weeks

Question 12

Infant Caloric Needs

Answer 12

Energy (calories):
108 kcal/kg/day from birth to 6 mo.
98 kcal/kg/day from 7-12 mo.
(ex:) newborn weighs 4 kg needs 108 x 4 = 432 kcal/day

Question 13

Infant Protein Needs

Answer 13

2. 2g/kg/day from birth to 6 mo.

1. 6 g/kg/day from 7-12 mo.

Question 14

Infant Fat Needs

Answer 14

31 g/day from birth to 6 mo.
30 g/day from 7-12 mo.
breast milk contains ~ 55% calories from fat
need cholesterol for gonad and brain development

Question 15

Breast milk vs. formula

Answer 15

AAP and ADA rec. exclusive breast feeding for 1st 6 mo and continuation to 1 year
initiate breast feeding right after birth
standard formula provides 20 cal/fl oz

Question 16

Cow’s milk-based formula during infancy

Answer 16

AAP - whole, red.-fat, or skim cows milk should NOT be used in infancy
iron deficiency anemia linked to early intro to cows milk (low iron in cows milk)
breast milk vs. cows milk-based formula
7% vs. 9-12% cal from protein
38% vs. 41-43% cal from carbs
55% vs. 48-50% cal form fat

Question 17

Soybean-based formula

Answer 17

soy protein in place of milk protein should be limited in use
lactose free and hydrolyzed formulas are better for infants unable to breastfeed or be fed cows milk formulas

Question 18

Development of Infant feeding skills

Answer 18

at 4-6 weeks, reflexes start to fade, begin to purposefully signal wants/needs
at 4-6 mo. infants move tongue from side to side indicating readiness for solid foods

Question 19

Introduction of solid foods

Answer 19

food offered from spoon stimulates muscle development

at ~ 6mo. offer small portions of semisoft food on a spoon once twice each day

Question 20

Solid foods for infants

Answer 20

infants; can swallow pureed soupy foods at 4-6 mo.
early intro of lumpy foods can cause choking, can swallow very soft, lumpy foods at 6-8 mo.
by 8-10 mo. can eat soft mashed foods

Question 21

First foods

Answer 21

4-6 mo. - iron fortified baby cereal mixed with breast milk
6 mo. - pureed fruits and veggies
only one new food over 2-3 days
9-12 mo. - soft table foods
first foods may appear rejected due to immature tongue movement

Question 22

Feeding cues

Answer 22

cues infants may give for readiness for feeding;
watching food being opened
tight fists/reaching for spoon
irritation if feeding is too slow or stops
playing with food/spoon
slow intake/stop eating or spiting out food when full

Question 23

Supplements for infants

Answer 23

Fluoride - for breastfeeding infants after 6 mo or if in area with no fluoridated water
Iron - after 4-6 mo if breastfed
Vit B12 - for vegans
Vit D - needed if exclusively breastfed

Question 24

Water

Answer 24

Breast milk or formula generally provide adequate water for healthy infants
avoid colas and tea, and limit juice

Question 25

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

Answer 25

inadequate wt/lgth gain
may be organic (due to infection, etc.) or inorganic (maternal depression, inappropriate infant care, over-dilution of formula/poverty)
FTT is one reason social service agencies get involved with families

Question 26

Colic

Answer 26

sudden onset of irritability and crying without discernable reason in healthy infant

Question 27

Lactose intolerance

Answer 27

inability to digest disaccharide lactose (glucose + galactose)
uncommon and overestimated, treated with lactose-free formula

Question 28

Newborn Screening

Answer 28

most states screen for 3-6 (some up to 57) conditions that may cause disability or death