Chapter 8 - Exam 2 Flashcards
Full Term Infant
37-42 weeks
2500-3800 g (5.5-8.5 lbs)
47-54 cm (18.5-21.5 in)
88% of US infants
Infant Mortality
death occurs within first year
major cause - low birth weight
Infant Mortality (factors associated)
Social and economical statues
access to health care
medical interventions
teen pregnancy
Palmar reflex
Baby grasps object placed in the palm of its hand
Rooting reflex
When baby’s cheek is stroked, turns head toward side of stimulation and opens its mouth
Sucking relfex
baby sucks when an object is placed in its mouth
Motor development
Top down, controls head first and legs last
Central to peripheral
influences ability to feed and amount of energy expended
Cognitive development
sensorimotor development interactions with the environment adequate energy and protein stimulation of social and emotional growth genetics
Growth assessment
newborns double birthweight by 4-6 months, and triple it by 1 year
growth reflects - nutritional adequacy, health status, economic and environmental adequacy
weight and length are important components of growth assessment
Interpretation of growth data
CDC 2000 infant growth charts based on national surveys
Charts show; weight/length for age, weight for length, head circumference for age
Warning signs of growth rate
lack of wt/lgth gain
plateau in wt/lgth or HC for > 1 mo.
drop in wt without regain in few weeks
Infant Caloric Needs
Energy (calories):
108 kcal/kg/day from birth to 6 mo.
98 kcal/kg/day from 7-12 mo.
(ex:) newborn weighs 4 kg needs 108 x 4 = 432 kcal/day
Infant Protein Needs
- 2g/kg/day from birth to 6 mo.
1. 6 g/kg/day from 7-12 mo.
Infant Fat Needs
31 g/day from birth to 6 mo.
30 g/day from 7-12 mo.
breast milk contains ~ 55% calories from fat
need cholesterol for gonad and brain development
Breast milk vs. formula
AAP and ADA rec. exclusive breast feeding for 1st 6 mo and continuation to 1 year
initiate breast feeding right after birth
standard formula provides 20 cal/fl oz
Cow’s milk-based formula during infancy
AAP - whole, red.-fat, or skim cows milk should NOT be used in infancy
iron deficiency anemia linked to early intro to cows milk (low iron in cows milk)
breast milk vs. cows milk-based formula
7% vs. 9-12% cal from protein
38% vs. 41-43% cal from carbs
55% vs. 48-50% cal form fat
Soybean-based formula
soy protein in place of milk protein should be limited in use
lactose free and hydrolyzed formulas are better for infants unable to breastfeed or be fed cows milk formulas
Development of Infant feeding skills
at 4-6 weeks, reflexes start to fade, begin to purposefully signal wants/needs
at 4-6 mo. infants move tongue from side to side indicating readiness for solid foods
Introduction of solid foods
food offered from spoon stimulates muscle development
at ~ 6mo. offer small portions of semisoft food on a spoon once twice each day
Solid foods for infants
infants; can swallow pureed soupy foods at 4-6 mo.
early intro of lumpy foods can cause choking, can swallow very soft, lumpy foods at 6-8 mo.
by 8-10 mo. can eat soft mashed foods
First foods
4-6 mo. - iron fortified baby cereal mixed with breast milk
6 mo. - pureed fruits and veggies
only one new food over 2-3 days
9-12 mo. - soft table foods
first foods may appear rejected due to immature tongue movement
Feeding cues
cues infants may give for readiness for feeding;
watching food being opened
tight fists/reaching for spoon
irritation if feeding is too slow or stops
playing with food/spoon
slow intake/stop eating or spiting out food when full
Supplements for infants
Fluoride - for breastfeeding infants after 6 mo or if in area with no fluoridated water
Iron - after 4-6 mo if breastfed
Vit B12 - for vegans
Vit D - needed if exclusively breastfed
Water
Breast milk or formula generally provide adequate water for healthy infants
avoid colas and tea, and limit juice
Failure to Thrive (FTT)
inadequate wt/lgth gain
may be organic (due to infection, etc.) or inorganic (maternal depression, inappropriate infant care, over-dilution of formula/poverty)
FTT is one reason social service agencies get involved with families
Colic
sudden onset of irritability and crying without discernable reason in healthy infant
Lactose intolerance
inability to digest disaccharide lactose (glucose + galactose)
uncommon and overestimated, treated with lactose-free formula
Newborn Screening
most states screen for 3-6 (some up to 57) conditions that may cause disability or death
