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Nutr 325 > Chapter 17 - Final Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Overweight/Obesity Nomenclature

A 
1980's - ideal body weight
mid 80's - desirable body weight
1995 -  healthy body weight
overweight - weight level associated with higher risk for disease, disability, and death
obesity - degree of overweight
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2
Q

Obesity Education Initiative (NIH)

A 
developed BMI (kg/m^2) approximates body fat (important indicator of health)
overweight = BMI of 25.0-29.9
obese = BMI of over 30
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3
Q

Exceptions for use of BMI

A

BMI measures do not accurately represent healthy weights of people who are:
athletes with ^ muscle mass
individuals with low muscle mass
individuals with large, dense bones

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4
Q

Effects of Obesity

A

^ body weight = ^ morbidity
hypertension, stroke, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, cancer, orthopedic problems

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5
Q

Etiology of Obesity

A

Overweight and obesity have multiple causes

more cal consumed than ecpended

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6
Q

Leptin-Ghrelin-Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

stimulates appettitie

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7
Q

Leptin defcient children

A

absence of pubertal growth spurt with final adult height of subject reduced
respond to leptin therapy
reduced energy intake up to 84%

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8
Q

Leptin and obesity

A

plays large part in causing obesity if insufficient, but can get treatment
administration of leptin directly to hypothalamus

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9
Q

Central Leptin Gene therapy

A

Long-term expression

low immunogenicity

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10
Q

Leptin Conclusion

A

techniques that augment hypothalamic leptin are likely to curtail obesity and ailments associated with the metabolic syndrome

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11
Q

Nutrition Interventions for Obesity

A

realistic goals: loss of 0.5-1.0 lbs/wk
meal plan: readily available and enjoyable foods
anticipate/solve potential weight-management problems
stress management: other than eating to deal
regular exercise
cultivate self image
behavioral change for lifetime

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12
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

spectrum of metabolic abnormalities that ^ risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
20-30% of adults
diet therapy: weight reduction with diet and exercise (diets high in antiox-rich fruits and veggies, whole grains, fiber, low-fat dairy)

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13
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

diseases related to heart/blood vessels
associated with atherosclerosis-consists of; coronary heart disease, cerebral vascular disease, blood vessels in legs
over 82 mil adults
#1 cause of death in US adults

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14
Q

Characteristics of CVD

A

Atherosclerosis - hardening of arteries

due to plaque build up, increases risk of stroke (lack of O2 to brain)

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15
Q

Etiology of Atherosclerosis

A

multifactorial; chronic arterial inflammation, thickening as result of cell damage, formation of fibrous plaque at point of injury, calcification of fibrous plaque

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16
Q

Effects of CVD

A

build up of plaque leaves less room for blood flow, resulting in:
decreased blood flow to heart, reduced energy, decline in organ function, inability to perform ADL (activities of daily living), shortness of breath, chest pain (angina)

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17
Q

Medical Nutrition Therapy for CVD

A

Therapeutic Life Changes (TLC):
recommended for high-risk individuals
diet/lifestyle change is cornerstone of therapy

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18
Q

Nutrition Interventions for Coronary Heat Disease CHD

A

national cholesterol education program:
total fat intake from 25-35% of cal
daily cholesterol or eq to 200 cal/d in PA

19
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A 
Def: fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 126 mg/dL
25.6 mil people in US
< 1% of pop. in 1960
~ 11.3% of pop. in 2010
79 mil have "prediabetes"
20
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A 
progressive autoimmune disease
pancreatic b (beta) cells destroyed
daily insulin injections required
21
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

insulin resistance

most common type

22
Q

Cost of Diabetes

A

$174 billion: total costs of diagnosed diabetes in US in 2007

  • $116 billion for direct medical costs
  • $58 billion for indirect costs (disability, work loss, premature mortality)
23
Q

Etiology of Diabetes

A

Type 2 caused by insulin resistance combined with insulin insufficiency
insulin: hormone produced by pancreatic b-cells, facilitates passage of glucose into cells

24
Q

Insulin Resistance

A

what is it: condition where cells “resist” the action of insulin in facilitating the passage of glucose into cells
contributors: abdominal obesity, decreased PA, genetic predisposition

25
Q

Short-Term Effects of Diabetes

A

blurred vision, ^ urination, ^ infections, ^ hunger and thirst, decreased wound healing

26
Q

Long-Term Effects of Diabetes

A

heart disease, hypertension, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, poor circulation, loss of limbs

27
Q

Risk Factors of Diabetes

A

main risk factors for type 2;
genetics, history of gestational diabetes, obesity and central obesity, physical inactivity, low whole grain/fiber intake
(lowering weight + ^ exercise = lowered risk)

28
Q

Nutrition Assessment of Diabetes

A

diabetes management plan determinants;
weight status, current eating pattern, knowledge about diabetes, PA, lab values, med/social history, past education/experience with diabetes

29
Q

Diabetes Interventions

A

clinical goals;
normalize blood glucose/glucose metabolism, prevent/slow progression of diabetes complications
treatment focus: empower person to self-manage

30
Q

Medical Nutrition Therapy

A

diet flexibility and individualization;

diet plan, cal level, cal/CHO distribution, variety of foods, consistent eating pattern

31
Q

Medical Nutrition Therapy - Diet

A

consist of;
whole grains and other fibrous foods, unsaturated fats, regular meals/snacks, CHO counting
may also need anti-hyperglycemic drugs
use herbal remedies with caution

32
Q

Cancer

A

group of diseases in which abnormal cellular growth affects specific organ systems
tissues affected;
connective - sarcomas
muscular - myosarcomas
nervous - gliomas
epithelial - main: skin, GI, urogenital, secretory, and respiratory

33
Q

Etiology of Cancer

A 
stages;
activation
initiation (injury/insult to DNA by carcinogen such as; free radicals, toxin, virus, or radiation)
promotion (damaged DNA divides)
progression (uncontrolled growth)
invasion
metastasis (spread to other tissues/organs)
possible remission
34
Q

Initiation & Progression of Cancer

A

linked to:
environmental exposures
lifestyle
dietary constituents (promotion or inhibition)

35
Q

Incidence of Cancer

A

estimates for 2011:
~1.6 mil will be diagnosed with cancer
~600,000 die of cancer annually
white women, black men - highest rate or new cancers
american indian, alaskan natives - lowest rate

36
Q

Most Common Cancers for Adults

A

prostate, breast, colorectal, and lung

37
Q

Risk Factors of Cancer

A

smoking - linked to 30% of cancers
nutrition-related risks:
obesity/insulin resistance, excessive alcohol consumption, low intakes of fruits/veggies, N-nitorso compounds on processed meats

38
Q

Nutrition Intervention for Cancer

A

to minimize nutritional risk;maintain or reach healthy weight, eat fruits/veggies, limit processed meats, alcohol in moderation, exercise
if cancer diagnosed, good nutrition supports treatments (chemo, radiation, surgery)

39
Q

Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bones

A

skeleton one of most common organs affected by metastatic breast cancer (BC)

40
Q

HIV/AIDS Prevalence

A

worldwide ~ 40 mil
US ~ 1.1 mil
new cases declining
african americans/hispanics affected > caucasians

41
Q

Etiology of HIV/AIDS

A

HIV transmitted through blood and body fluid exchange
main causes: unprotected sex & sharing contaminated needles
mother may transmit to baby during preg, at birth, or during breastfeeding

42
Q

Effects of HIV/AIDS

A

penetrates and destroys body’s immune cells, leading to more infections/cancer
latency stage: weeks to 2 years
not all people wit HIV develop AIDS

43
Q

AIDS Affecting Nutritions

A

seizures/lack of coordination, difficulty/painful swallowing, confusion/forgetfulness, sever/persistent diarrhea, fever, nausea/cramps/vomiting, weight loss and fatigue

44
Q

Nutrition Interventions for Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

A

maintain weight and nutritional status

nutrition very important part of treatment and ability to live with infection

Nutr 325 (11 decks)

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