Chapter 9: Evolution and Behavior

Question 1

Behavior

Answer 1

Encompasses any and all of the actions performed by an organism often in response to its environment or the actions of another organism

Question 2

Instincts (Innate Behaviors)

Answer 2

Behaviors that don’t require any environmental input to develop. Are present in all individuals in a population and there is not much variation

Question 3

Fixed Action Pattern

Answer 3

Is a sequence of behaviors that requires no learning, does not vary among individuals, and once started goes to completion. Ex. Egg retrieval in geese

Question 4

Prepared Learning

Answer 4

When behaviors are learned easily and by all individuals. Ex. Humans speaking

Question 5

Altruistic Behaviors

Answer 5

They seem to come at a cost to the individual performing them, while benefitting a recipient. Ex. Spiders become food for their offspring

Question 6

Kin Selection

Answer 6

A strategy where one individual assisting another can compensate for its own decrease in fitness if it is helping a close relative that increases the relatives fitness

Question 7

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 7

Can lead to the evolution of altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals

Question 8

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 8

The ability of an individual organism to pass on its genes to the next generation taking into account the shared genes passed on by the organisms close relatives

Question 9

Group Selection

Answer 9

Refers to the idea that natural selection sometimes acts on whole groups of organisms leading to group advantageous traits

Question 10

Female

Answer 10

Defined as the sex that produced the larger gamete

Question 11

Male

Answer 11

Produces the smaller gamete

Question 12

Reproductive Investment

Answer 12

The material and energetic contribution to the offspring

Question 13

Total Reproductive Output

Answer 13

The lifetime number of offspring a male can produce

Question 14

Paternity Uncertainty

Answer 14

Because it is possible for a female to mate with multiple males male mammals and birds will have this to some degree

Question 15

First Tactic for Getting a Mate

Answer 15

Mate only after subjecting a male to courtship rituals

Question 16

Second Tactic for getting a mate

Answer 16

Mate only with a male who controls valuable resources

Question 17

Third Tactic for getting a mate

Answer 17

Mate only with a male who contributes a large parental investment up front

Question 18

Fourth Tactic of getting a mate

Answer 18

Mate only with a male that has a valuable physical attribute

Question 19

Mate Guarding

Answer 19

Is the process in which a member of a species attempts to prevent another member of a species of a different sex from mating with rival members

Question 20

Polygamy

Answer 20

A system in which some individuals attract multiple mates while other individuals attract none

Question 21

Polygyny

Answer 21

Individual males mate with multiple females

Question 22

Polyandry

Answer 22

Individual females mate with multiple males

Question 23

Mating Systems

Answer 23

Describes the patterns of mating behaviors in a species

Question 24

Pair Bond

Answer 24

Forms a close relationship through courtship and sexual activity with one other animal or person