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BIO 111: Introduction To Biology > Chapter 5: DNA, Gene Expression, And Biotechnology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: DNA, Gene Expression, And Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA

A

Is a macromolecule that stores information

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A

Contain a molecule of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing molecule

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3
Q

Genome

A

The full set of DNA present in an individual organism

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

One or more unique pieces of DNA that together make up an organisms genome

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5
Q

Gene

A

A specific sequence of DNA that contains the information necessary to produce all or part of a protein molecule

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6
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative versions of a gene that code for the same feature

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7
Q

Trait

A

Any single characteristic or feature of an organism

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8
Q

Introns

A

A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes

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9
Q

Junk DNA

A

The proportion of DNA that codes for proteins or RNA

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10
Q

Genotype

A

Is the part of the DNA sequence of the genetic makeup of a cell

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical manifestation of the genotype’s instructions

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12
Q

Transcription

A

In which a copy of a gene’s base sequence is made

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13
Q

Translation

A

In which that copy is used to direct the production of a polypeptide folds into the functional protein

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14
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

In transcription which in eukaryotes occurs in the nucleus is copied to make this molecule

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15
Q

Step 1 of Transcription: Recognize and Bind

A

RNA polymerase binds to the DNA molecule at the promoter site and unwinds it just a bit so that only one strand of the DNA can be read

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16
Q

Step 2 of Transcription: Transcribe

A

As the DNA strand is processed through the RNA polymerase, the RNA polymerase builds a copy of the gene from the DNA molecule

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17
Q

Step 3 of Transcription: Terminate

A

When the RNA polymerase encounters a sequence of bases on the DNA at the end of the gene it stops creating the transcript and detached from the DNA molecule

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18
Q

Step 4 of Transcription: Capping and Editting

A

mRNAs receive extra processing before they can be translated into a protein. A cap and tail may be at the beginning and end of the transcript

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19
Q

Transfer RNA

A

A special type of RNA molecules holds which translates the language of DNA into the language of proteins

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20
Q

Codon

A

Each three base sequence in mRNA matches with a tRNA molecule that carries a particular amino acid

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21
Q

Step 1 of Translation: Recognize and Initiate Protein Building

A

Begins in the cytoplasm when a ribosome recognizes and assembles around a codon on the mRNA transcript called the start sequence

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22
Q

Step 2 of Translation: Elongate

A

After the mRNA start sequence the next three bases on the mRNA specify which amino acid carrying tRNA molecule should bind to the mRNA

23
Q

Step 3 of Translation: Terminate

A

The ribosome arrives at the codon on the mRNA that signals the end of translation. The amino acid is complete and is released from the ribosome

24
Q

Gene Expression

A

The production of the protein that the genes sequence codes for

25
Q

Gene Regulation

A

A person’s traits depend on whether the gene is turned on or turned off

26
Q

Promoter

A

For a gene to be transcribed, RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to the promoter region, the specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that signals the beginning of the gene

27
Q

Operator

A

A molecule called a repressor protein can bind to the regulatory portion of the DNA and by doing so it blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing the genes necessary for lactose metabolism

28
Q

Regulatory Gene

A

Codes for the repressor protein when bound to the operator region does the blocking of RNA polymerase’s binding to the promoter site

29
Q

If lactose is not present

A

The regulatory gene produces the repressor protein, the repressor protein binds to the operator region, and RNA polymerase is blocked from transcribing the lactose metabolism genes

30
Q

If lactose is present

A

The regulatory gene produces the repressor protein, lactose binds to the repressor protein which alters the shape so it can’t bind to the operator, and with no repressor bound to the DNA, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and transcribes the genes necessary for lactose metabolism

31
Q

Positive Control of Transcription Regulation

A

Activators can initiate or speed up gene expression and enhancer sequences can speed RNA polymerase binding and gene transcription

32
Q

Negative Controls of Transcription Regulation

A

Repressors can block or slow down gene expression and chemicals can bind to DNA and block gene expression

33
Q

Mutation

A

An alteration of the sequence of bases in an organism’s DNA. Can lead to changes in the structure and function of the proteins produced

34
Q

Point Mutations

A

Occur when one base pair in the DNA is substituted for another or when a base pair is inserted or deleted

35
Q

Chromosomal Abberations

A

Are changes to the overall organization of the genes on a chromosome

36
Q

Spontaneous Mutations

A

Some mutations arise by accident as long strands of DNA are duplicating themselves when cells are dividing. Most are caught by DNA repair enzymes

37
Q

Radiation Induced Mutations

A

Is radiation with enough energy to disrupt atomic structure and even break apart chromosomes by removing tightly bound electrons

38
Q

Chemical Induced Mutations

A

Many chemicals can react with the atoms in DNA molecules and induce mutations

39
Q

Steps from Mutation to Illness

A

A mutated gene codes for a non functioning protein, the non functioning enzyme can’t catalyze a particular reaction as it normally would, the molecule with which the enzyme would have reacted accumulates, and the accumulated chemical causes sickness or death

40
Q

Biotechnology

A

The genetic manipulation of organisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc

41
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

The manipulation of organisms genetic material by adding, deleting, or transplanting genes from one organism to another

42
Q

Chop

A

Chop up the DNA from a donor organism that exhibits the trait of interest

43
Q

Amplify

A

Amplify the small amount of DNA into larger quantities

44
Q

Insert

A

Insert pieces of DNA into bacterial cells or viruses

45
Q

Grow

A

Grow separate colonies of bacteria or viruses each containing some donor DNA

46
Q

Identify

A

Identify colonies of bacteria or viruses that have DNA for a trait of interest

47
Q

Human Growth Hormone

A

Stimulates protein synthesis, increases the utilization of body fat for energy to fuel metabolism, and stimulates the growth of virtually every part of the body

48
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Produced primarily by the kidneys, is a hormone that regulates the production of red blood cells.

49
Q

Is a given set of parents likely to produce a baby with a genetic disease?

A

Many genetic diseases occur only if an individual inherits two copies of the disease causing gene, one from each parent

50
Q

Will a baby be born with a genetic disease?

A

Once fertilization has occurred it is possible to test the an embryo or developing fetus for numerous genetic problems

51
Q

Is an individual likely to develop a genetic disease later in life?

A

DNA technology can also be used to detect disease causing genes in individuals who are currently healthy but are at increased risk of developing an illness later

52
Q

Gene Therapy

A

The transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders

53
Q

Stem Cells

A

An undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable to making more cells of the same type

BIO 111: Introduction To Biology (12 decks)

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