Chapter 7: Genes and Inheritance Flashcards
Allele
Each of the two copies of the gene
Heredity
Passing of characteristics from parents to offspring through their genes
Single Gene Traits
Traits that are determined by the instructions a person carries on one gene
Cross
The process in which male pollen is used to fertilize eggs
True Breeding
Always produce offspring with the same variant of the trait as the parents
Dominant Trait
Will always be a dominant trait when present
Recessive Trait
Will only appear if both traits are recessive
Homozygous
When an individual inherits the same two alleles for this gene
Heterozygous
When an individual inherits a different allele from each parent
Mendel’s Law of Segregation
Of the two copies of each gene everyone carries, only one of the two alleles gets put into each gamete is so significant and important
Phenotype
The outward appearance of an individual
Genotype
This is the organisms genetic composition
Punnett Square
Used to trace the possible outcomes of a cross between two individuals
Test Cross
Crossing an individual exhibiting a dominant trait but whose genotype is unknown with an individual that is homozygous recessive
Pedigree
Is a type of family tree that can help answer questions about the future
Sex Linked Trait
Traits that are controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes
Carrier
An individual that carries one allele for a recessive trait but does not exhibit the trait but their offspring might
Incomplete Dominance
The phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes
Codominance
The heterozygote displays characteristics of both homozygotes
Multiple Allelism
A single gene has more than two alleles
Antigens
Chemicals on the surface of some cells. They act as signposts that tell the immune system whether the cell belongs in the body
Antibodies
Immune system molecules that attack cells with foreign antigens
Additive Effects
Describes what happens when the effects of the alleles of multiple genes all contribute to the ultimate phenotype
Pleiotropy
Some individual genes can influence multiple unrelated traits
Di hybrid Cross
Mating between two doubly heterozygous individuals
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
All traits are inherited independently of each other