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BIO 111: Introduction To Biology > Chapter 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Element

A

Is a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substances

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2
Q

Atoms

A

Is a bit of matter that cannot be subdivided any further without losing its essential properties

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3
Q

Protons

A

Are particles that have a positive electrical charge

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4
Q

Neutrons

A

Are particles that have no electrical charge

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5
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles floating around the nucleus

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6
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Is made up of the combined mass of all of its protons and neutrons

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7
Q

Atomic Number

A

Corresponds to the number of protons an element has

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number or protons but a different number of neutrons

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9
Q

Big 4 Elements in Humans

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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10
Q

Electron Shells

A

Electrons move around the nucleus in designated areas

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11
Q

1st Electron Shell

A

Can hold 2 electrons

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12
Q

2nd Electron Shell

A

Can hold 8 electrons

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13
Q

3rd Electron Shell

A

Can hold 8 electrons

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14
Q

Atom Stability

A

Atoms become stable when their outermost shell is filled to capacity

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15
Q

Example of Unstable Atoms

A

Hydrogen

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16
Q

Example of Stable Atoms

A

Helium, neon

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17
Q

Ion

A

An atom that may have an extra electron or lack an electron compared to the amount of protons

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18
Q

Molecule

A

Groups of atoms held together by bonds

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19
Q

Bond Energy

A

The amount of energy needed to break a bond between two atoms

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20
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

When two atoms share electrons.

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21
Q

Simplest example of Covalent Bonds

A

Two hydrogen bonds forming a hydrogen molecule

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22
Q

Double Bond

A

The sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms

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23
Q

Double bond example

A

Oxygen

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24
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Occurs when two oppositely charged ions attract each other. Each electron circles around a single nucleus

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25
Q

Ionic Compound

A

Ions of two or more elements linked by ionic bonds

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26
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Is formed between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and another atom.

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27
Q

Water Cohesion

A

The cohesiveness of water molecules makes it possible for tall trees to exist. Water is pulled up the tree

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28
Q

Waters Large Heat Capacity

A

Hydrogen bonds are destroyed and formed again somewhere else. The temperature of water doesn’t change much

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29
Q

Waters low density as a solid

A

When water freezes the density is much lower than other substances. The molecules form a lattice structure which makes it less dense

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30
Q

Water Solvency

A

Water is able to pull apart ions because water is a polar molecule so it bonds with other ions like sodium chloride to dissolve it

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31
Q

pH

A

The amount of H+ in a solution is a measure of its acidity

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32
Q

Acid

A

pH is less than 7. Has more H+ ions

33
Q

Base

A

pH is above 7 and has fewer H+ ions

34
Q

Macromolecule

A

A large molecule made up from smaller building blocks or subunits

35
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

36
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are the primary fuel for running all of the cellular machinery and much of the structure of cells

37
Q

What are the simplest form of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides or simple sugars

38
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Contain 3 to 6 carbon atoms and when broken down the products are not carbohydrates

39
Q

Main types of monosaccharides

A

Glucose and fructose

40
Q

Glucose: Fuel for Cellular Activity

A

Through a series of chemical reactions the relatively high energy bonds in the glucose molecule are converted into lower energy bonds of other molecules

41
Q

Glucose: Stored Temporarily as Glycogen

A

Excess glucose can be temporarily stored in various tissues, primarily muscles and liver

42
Q

Glycogen

A

The stored glucose molecules are linked together to form a large web of molecules

43
Q

Glucose: Converted to Fats

A

Glucose circulating in your bloodstream can be converted into fat a long term energy storage

44
Q

Disaccharide

A

When two simple sugars are bonded together

45
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Much larger numbers of simple sugars may be joined together

46
Q

Chitin

A

Forms the rigid outer skeleton of most insects and crustaceans

47
Q

Cellulose

A

Forms a variety of plant structures that are visible around us

48
Q

Lipids

A

Are made from atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the atoms are in different proportions

49
Q

Common characteristics of lipids?

A

Do not dissolve in water and are greasy. Can be a significant source of energy

50
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Molecules that do not interact with water

51
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Molecules that readily form hydrogen bonds with water

52
Q

Glycerol

A

The head region of a lipid molecule

53
Q

Fatty Acid

A

The tail region of the lipid molecule that is linked to the glycerol head

54
Q

Triglycerides

A

The fats in most foods. These are fats that have three fatty acids linked to the glycerol molecule

55
Q

Saturated Fat

A

If each carbon atom in the hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid is bonded to two hydrogen atoms

56
Q

Where are saturated fats found?

A

Meat and fish

57
Q

Why are saturated fats bad?

A

They accumulate in your bloodstream and can narrow the vessel walls that contribute to heart disease and strokes

58
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

Some of the carbon atoms are bound to only a single hydrogen

59
Q

What has unsaturated fats?

A

Most plants

60
Q

Trans Fat

A

Refers to the unusual orientation of some or all of the double bonds that remain following the addition of hydrogen atoms

61
Q

What is bad about trans fat?

A

Causes your body to produce more cholesterol which increases the risk of heart disease

62
Q

Sterols

A

Play an important role in regulating growth and development

63
Q

Cholesterol

A

Is an important component of most cell membranes. Most is produced in our liver but is also in animals that we eat

64
Q

Phospholipid

A

Are the major component of the membrane that surrounds the contents of the cell and controls the flow of chemicals into and out of the cell

65
Q

Waxes

A

Resemble fats but have only one long chain fatty acid linked to the glycerol head of the molecule. Strongly hydrophobic because they are non polar

66
Q

Proteins

A

Are the chief building blocks of all life. Control the levels of sugar and other chemicals in your bloodstream and carry oxygen through your body

67
Q

Functions of Proteins

A

Structure, protection, regulation, contraction, transportation

68
Q

Enzymes

A

Initiate and assist every chemical reaction that occurs

69
Q

Amino Acids

A

20 different amino acids are strung together and the different combinations result in unique structure and chemical behavior

70
Q

Primary Structure

A

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, similar to letters spelling a word

71
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Corkscrew like twists or folds formed by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in the polypeptide chain

72
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

The complex 3D shape formed by multiple twists and bends in the polypeptide chain

73
Q

Denaturation

A

The disruption of protein folding

74
Q

Active Site

A

Provides a place for the participants in a chemical reaction

75
Q

Substrate

A

Is the surface on which an organism lives

76
Q

Activation Energy

A

A certain minimum energy is required to initiate the reaction

77
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Macromolecules that store information

78
Q

Nucleotides

A

The individual units of nucleic acids

79
Q

Double Helix

A

The two spiraling strands of Dna

BIO 111: Introduction To Biology (12 decks)

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