Chapter 4: Energy

Question 1

Photosynthesis

Answer 1

The process by which plants capture energy from the sun and store it in the chemical bonds of sugars

Question 2

Cellular Respiration

Answer 2

The process by which all living organisms release the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules and use it to fuel their lives

Question 3

Energy

Answer 3

Is the capacity to do work

Question 4

Kinetic Energy

Answer 4

Is the energy of motion

Question 5

Potential Energy

Answer 5

Stored energy that results from an objects location or position

Question 6

Chemical Energy

Answer 6

The storage of energy in chemical bonds, is also a type of potential energy

Question 7

Thermodynamics

Answer 7

The study of the transformation of energy from one type of energy to another

Question 8

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 8

States that energy can never be created or destroyed

Question 9

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 9

States that every conversion of energy is not perfectly efficient and invariably includes the transformation of some energy into heat

Question 10

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 10

A free floating molecule found in cells that acts like a rechargeable battery, temporarily storing energy that can be used for cellular work in all organisms on earth

Question 11

What are the inputs of photosynthesis?

Answer 11

Light energy, carbon dioxide, and water

Question 12

What are the outputs of photosynthesis?

Answer 12

Sugar and oxygen

Question 13

Photo Reaction

Answer 13

Energy from the sun captured and stored

Question 14

Synthesis Reaction

Answer 14

Energy used to build sugar molecules

Question 15

Chloroplasts

Answer 15

Light harvesting organelles that make it possible for the plant to use sunlight energy to make sugars

Question 16

Stroma

Answer 16

The fluid within the chloroplast and the side of the photo reaction in photosynthesis

Question 17

Thylakoids

Answer 17

Located within the Stroma and the site of the synthesis part of photosynthesis

Question 18

Chlorophyll

Answer 18

The special molecule found in chloroplasts that makes the capture of light energy possible

Question 19

Light Energy

Answer 19

A type of kinetic energy made up of little energy packets called photons

Question 20

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Answer 20

Super high energy photons and low energy photons within a ray of light

Question 21

Chlorophyll A

Answer 21

Absorbs red and blue violet wavelengths of light. Cannot efficiently absorb green light and instead reflect those wavelengths

Question 22

Chlorophyll B

Answer 22

Absorbs blue and red orange wavelengths and reflects yellow green wavelengths

Question 23

Energy Movement through Chlorophyll

Answer 23

Light energy bumps an electron in the chlorophyll molecule to a higher excited energy level

Question 24

Water Splitting Photosystem

Answer 24

Light energy exited electrons in a chlorophyll molecule, primary electron acceptor grabs them and sends them to the electron transport, and to replace the electrons water molecules are split and oxygen and hydrogen are released

Question 25

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 25

The primary electron acceptor gets hold of the high energy electron from chlorophyll a and passes it from one molecule to another

Question 26

Summary of Photo Reaction

Answer 26

Water splitting Photosystem, 1st electron transport chain, nadph producing Photosystem, and 2nd electron transport chain

Question 27

Calvin Cycle

Answer 27

The synthesis part of photosynthesis takes place in a series of chemical reactions

Question 28

First Step of Calvin Cycle: Fixation

Answer 28

Using an enzyme like rubisco plants pluck carbon from the air and then it attaches to a visible organic molecule

Question 29

Second Step of Calvin Cycle: Sugar Creation

Answer 29

The newly built molecule is chemically modified: a phosphate from ATP is added, and the molecule receives some high energy electrons from NADPH and is split into two

Question 30

Third Stage of Calvin Cycle: Regeneration

Answer 30

Some of the molecules are rearranged to regenerate the original 5 carbon molecule in the chloroplast to which the carbon from CO2 is attached

Question 31

Glycolysis

Answer 31

Means the splitting of sugar and is the first step that all organisms on the planet take in breaking down food molecules

Question 32

Pyruvate

Answer 32

Glycolysis is a sequence of chemical reactions through which glucose is broken down resulting in 2 molecules of this substance

Question 33

Preparatory Phase of Glycolysis

Answer 33

Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Uses 2 ATP and the unstable molecule is prepared to be broken down

Question 34

Payoff Phase of Glycolysis

Answer 34

4 ATP, 2 NADH, water, and 2 Pyruvate are the outputs

Question 35

Krebs Cycle

Answer 35

Produces some additional molecules of ATP and captures a huge amount of chemical energy by producing high energy electron carriers

Question 36

First Modification of the Krebs Cycle

Answer 36

Each Pyruvate molecule passes a pair of its high energy electrons to the electron carrier molecule NAD+, building 2 molecules of NADH

Question 37

Second Modification of the Krebs Cycle

Answer 37

A carbon atom and two oxygen atoms are removed from each Pyruvate molecule and released as carbon dioxide

Question 38

Third Modification of the Krebs Cycle

Answer 38

Coenzyme A attaches itself to the remains of each Pyruvate molecule producing two molecules of acetyl-CoA

Question 39

First Outcome of the Krebs Cycle

Answer 39

A new molecule is formed. Acetyl-CoA

Question 40

Second Outcome of the Krebs Cycle

Answer 40

High energy electron carriers are made and carbon dioxide is exhaled

Question 41

Third Outcome of the Krebs Cycle

Answer 41

The starting material of the Krebs Cycle is reformed, ATP is generated, and more high energy electron carriers are formed