Chapter 4: Energy Flashcards
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants capture energy from the sun and store it in the chemical bonds of sugars
Cellular Respiration
The process by which all living organisms release the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules and use it to fuel their lives
Energy
Is the capacity to do work
Kinetic Energy
Is the energy of motion
Potential Energy
Stored energy that results from an objects location or position
Chemical Energy
The storage of energy in chemical bonds, is also a type of potential energy
Thermodynamics
The study of the transformation of energy from one type of energy to another
First Law of Thermodynamics
States that energy can never be created or destroyed
Second Law of Thermodynamics
States that every conversion of energy is not perfectly efficient and invariably includes the transformation of some energy into heat
Adenosine Triphosphate
A free floating molecule found in cells that acts like a rechargeable battery, temporarily storing energy that can be used for cellular work in all organisms on earth
What are the inputs of photosynthesis?
Light energy, carbon dioxide, and water
What are the outputs of photosynthesis?
Sugar and oxygen
Photo Reaction
Energy from the sun captured and stored
Synthesis Reaction
Energy used to build sugar molecules
Chloroplasts
Light harvesting organelles that make it possible for the plant to use sunlight energy to make sugars
Stroma
The fluid within the chloroplast and the side of the photo reaction in photosynthesis
Thylakoids
Located within the Stroma and the site of the synthesis part of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
The special molecule found in chloroplasts that makes the capture of light energy possible
Light Energy
A type of kinetic energy made up of little energy packets called photons
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Super high energy photons and low energy photons within a ray of light
Chlorophyll A
Absorbs red and blue violet wavelengths of light. Cannot efficiently absorb green light and instead reflect those wavelengths
Chlorophyll B
Absorbs blue and red orange wavelengths and reflects yellow green wavelengths
Energy Movement through Chlorophyll
Light energy bumps an electron in the chlorophyll molecule to a higher excited energy level
Water Splitting Photosystem
Light energy exited electrons in a chlorophyll molecule, primary electron acceptor grabs them and sends them to the electron transport, and to replace the electrons water molecules are split and oxygen and hydrogen are released
Electron Transport Chain
The primary electron acceptor gets hold of the high energy electron from chlorophyll a and passes it from one molecule to another
Summary of Photo Reaction
Water splitting Photosystem, 1st electron transport chain, nadph producing Photosystem, and 2nd electron transport chain
Calvin Cycle
The synthesis part of photosynthesis takes place in a series of chemical reactions
First Step of Calvin Cycle: Fixation
Using an enzyme like rubisco plants pluck carbon from the air and then it attaches to a visible organic molecule
Second Step of Calvin Cycle: Sugar Creation
The newly built molecule is chemically modified: a phosphate from ATP is added, and the molecule receives some high energy electrons from NADPH and is split into two
Third Stage of Calvin Cycle: Regeneration
Some of the molecules are rearranged to regenerate the original 5 carbon molecule in the chloroplast to which the carbon from CO2 is attached
Glycolysis
Means the splitting of sugar and is the first step that all organisms on the planet take in breaking down food molecules
Pyruvate
Glycolysis is a sequence of chemical reactions through which glucose is broken down resulting in 2 molecules of this substance
Preparatory Phase of Glycolysis
Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Uses 2 ATP and the unstable molecule is prepared to be broken down
Payoff Phase of Glycolysis
4 ATP, 2 NADH, water, and 2 Pyruvate are the outputs
Krebs Cycle
Produces some additional molecules of ATP and captures a huge amount of chemical energy by producing high energy electron carriers
First Modification of the Krebs Cycle
Each Pyruvate molecule passes a pair of its high energy electrons to the electron carrier molecule NAD+, building 2 molecules of NADH
Second Modification of the Krebs Cycle
A carbon atom and two oxygen atoms are removed from each Pyruvate molecule and released as carbon dioxide
Third Modification of the Krebs Cycle
Coenzyme A attaches itself to the remains of each Pyruvate molecule producing two molecules of acetyl-CoA
First Outcome of the Krebs Cycle
A new molecule is formed. Acetyl-CoA
Second Outcome of the Krebs Cycle
High energy electron carriers are made and carbon dioxide is exhaled
Third Outcome of the Krebs Cycle
The starting material of the Krebs Cycle is reformed, ATP is generated, and more high energy electron carriers are formed
