Chapter 9 Energy transformation and metabolism Flashcards
Potential energy
Energy stored in food in the form of chemical bonds.
Kinetic energy
The energy of motion
Chemical bonds
A bond between atoms, ions, or molecules that holds chemical compounds together.
Energy Transfer
The movement or conversion of energy through breaking and reforming of bonds.
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body that sustain life.
Thermodynamics
The relationships between forms of energy.
Energy balance
The relationship between energy in from food and energy out from metabolism and movement
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The energy currency of cells.
Hepatocytes
Liver cells
Myocytes
Muscle cells
Adenosine
A molecule found throughout the body that aids in cellular energy transfer by forming other molecules ATP and ADP.
Phosphate
A chemical building block of ATP as well as other cell membranes and DNA.
Covalent bonds
A chemical bond with shared electron pairs between atoms.
Adenosine Diphosphate ADP
The chemical byproduct after breaking one adenosine phosphate bond from ATP.
Energy system
A biological system that converts stored energy into forms we can use.
ATP-PCR system.
The first of the three primary energy systems to kick in under an intense energy demand; creates more ATP from ADP and P, using creating kinase.
Glycolic pathway ( glycolysis)
The second of three primary energy systems to take over with an intense energy demand: creates more ATP from glycogen, blood glucose, and glycerol.
Oxidative phosphorus pathway
The third of the three primary energy systems, provides slow energy over long periods; aka Kreisler cycle and electron transport chain pathway’s combined.
Creative Kinase
An enzyme involved in the process of breaking down phosphocreatine (PCr ) to make more ATP.
Creative (Cr).
A compound needed to quickly make more ATP under intense energy demand.
Phosphocreatine
A compound made from creating and phosphate.
Hydrogen ion.
A particle of hydrogen with an electrical charge; a byproduct of glycolysis that makes muscles acidic, creating the muscle burn feeling during intense exercise.
Gluconegenesis
The process of creating glucose from non carbohydrate sources.
Glycogenesis.
The creation of glycogen from glucose.
Glucose Transporter.
A carrier protein that transports glucose into cells.
Glycogen synthase
An enzyme involved in converting glucose into glycogen.
Epinephrine
A hormone released primarily from the adrenal gland that responds to stress and intense exercise, helping to mobilize carbohydrates for quick fight or flight energy aka adrenaline.
Norepinephrine
Aka noradrenaline, a hormone with a similar function to epinephrine.
Glycogenolysis.
Glycogen breakdown.
Glycogen phosphorylase.
An enzyme involved in the breakdown of glycogen.
Glucose 6 phosphate.
A compound created from the process of glycogenolysis that’s used to generate ATP.
Alpha cells.
Specialized endocrine cells of the pancreas that release glucagon.
Adrenaline gland
Endocrine gland that sits above the kidney and produces many hormones, including epinephrine/norepinephrine and corticosteroids.
Energy pathways
Chemical reactions by which our body transfers stored energy.
Pyruvate
A compound produced from the breakdown of glucose, can be used for gluconeogenis
Lactate
A byproduct produced mainly during intense exercise and the breakdown of pyruvate.
Ergogenic
Performance enhancing
Lipolysis
The breakdown of fats into fatty acids.
Hormone sensitive lipase(HSL).
An enzyme needed for lipolysis.
