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Precision nutrition > Chapter 8 Through the GI Tract > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Through the GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Gut microbiome

A

A complex ecosystem of friendly micro organisms mostly bacteria that live in the GI tract.

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2
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS).

A

A branch of the nervous system that regulates digestion and internal organs outside of our conscious control.

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3
Q

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

A

A branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that controls the “ fight or flight “ response.

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4
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

A

A branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that controls the ‘“ rest , digest , and repair “ response.

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5
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Receptors in the nasal cavity that sense chemical compounds that create odors.

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6
Q

Olfaction

A

The act of smelling.

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7
Q

Retronasal olfaction.

A

Sensing odors from food that’s traveled through the back of our throat and to our nasal passages as we chew and swallow.

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that send message within the nervous system.

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9
Q

Papillae

A

Tiny bumps on the tongue that increase the surface area and help move food around the mouth.

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10
Q

Mucous membrane

A

A thin, porous membrane that lines the mouth, it’s rich with blood vessels and an absorb many substances.

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11
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

A

A term for two conditions ( Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis). Characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, but not limited to the GI tract.

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12
Q

Bolus

A

The small rounded mass of chewed food.

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13
Q

Pharynx

A

The cone shaped passageway connecting the oral and nasal cavities to the esophagus and larynx.

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14
Q

Epiglottis

A

The cartilage flap in the throat that keeps food from entering the trachea and the lungs.

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15
Q

Uvula

A

The little dangly but that hangs from our upper palate down the back of the throat.

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16
Q

Nasopharynx

A

The upper part of the pharynx, connecting with the nasal cavity above the soft palate.

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17
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES).

A

Aka the cardiac sphincter, a ring like muscle at the end of the esophagus which regulates foods passage into the stomach.

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18
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd)

A

A digestive malfunction of food and acidic stomach juices splashing back upwards into the esophagus

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19
Q

Short chain fatty acids

A

Fatty acids with less than six carbon atoms that have important physiological functions.

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20
Q

Chyme

A

The acidic fluid of gastric juices and partly digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.

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21
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

The ring like muscle that lies at the end of the stomach and controls the passage of chyme into the small intestine.

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22
Q

Gastric mucosa

A

The mucus membrane of the stomach.

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23
Q

Gastric juice

A

A mix of acids secreted by the stomach to promote digestion; aka gastric acid or stomach acid

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24
Q

Pepsin

A

An enzyme that breaks down protein into smaller peptides.

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25
Q

Hydrochloride acid

A

The main acid composing gastric acid

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26
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

A glycoprotein secreted by the stomach that enables absorption of Vitamin B12

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27
Q

Histamine

A

A neurotransmitter involved in immune response that also increases gastric acid production.

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28
Q

Ghrelin.

A

A hormone that stimulates appetite.

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29
Q

Celiac disease

A

An immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley and rye.

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30
Q

Brush border

A

The distinctive cellular shape and lining that creates a large surface area of the small intestine.

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31
Q

Villous atrophy

A

A flattened brush border of the small intestine, commonly a sign of intestinal disease.

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32
Q

Duodenum

A

The first section of the small intestine past the stomach.

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33
Q

Jejunum

A

The second section of the small intestine past the stomach.

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34
Q

Ileum

A

The final section of the small intestine.

35
Q

Bicarbonate

A

A type of salt that acts as a buffer against acid.

36
Q

Proteolytic enzymes

A

Enzymes that break down proteins

37
Q

Gallbladder

A

A small pouch under the liver where bike is stored.

38
Q

Bile

A

A fluid that aids digestive through emulsification.

39
Q

Emulsification

A

When two otherwise unblendable substances eg oil and water are mixed.

40
Q

Enterohepatic circulation

A

The process of moving substances from the small intestine to the liver through the portal vein; a key part of digestion and detoxifying potentially harmful chemicals.

41
Q

Portal vein

A

A sturdy network of moving vessels that shuttles material from the intestine to the liver.

42
Q

Concentration gradient

A

A difference in chemical concentration between two regions. Necessary for diffusion

43
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic substances eg. Calcium or potassium that we use in chemical processes in the body.

44
Q

Electrolytes

A

Dissolved mineral ions with an electrical charge.

45
Q

First pass metabolism

A

Initial screening of nutrients and other substances via the liver

46
Q

Lipoprotein

A

A type of protein that binds to fats to make them water soluble, for circulation.

47
Q

Chylomicron

A

A type of lipoprotein that carries fats from the intestines to other parts of the body.

48
Q

Triglyceride.

A

A molecule built of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol; the primary storage of fats in the liver.

49
Q

Hepatic steatosis

A

Aka non alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD. A build up of fats in the liver.

50
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

A cluster of increased risk of metabolic diseases such as heart disease, stroke and diabetes along with high blood pressure and excess body fat.

51
Q

Sterols

A

A large family of waxy lipids that are found in plants, animals, fungi and some bacteria.

52
Q

Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).

A

A large lipoprotein made in the liver that carries triglycerides (fats) to our cells.

53
Q

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

A type of lipoprotein that carries triglycerides (fats) to our cells: can cause plaque leading to heart disease, and is often called “bad cholesterol “.

54
Q

High density lipoprotein (HDL).

A

A type of lipoprotein ( the smallest type). that shuttle’s cholesterol back to the liver for recycling; acts as the “cholesterol cleanup crew”. and is often called “ good cholesterol “.

55
Q

Galactose

A

A type of simple sugar molecule (monosaccharide).

56
Q

Deaminate

A

To remove an amine group ( composed of nitrogen and hydrogen) from an amino acid molecule.

57
Q

Glucoregulatory hormones

A

Hormones that help regulate blood sugar

58
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone that helps release stored glucose.

59
Q

Amylin

A

A hormone released with insulin that inhibits glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying and increases satiety.

60
Q

Somatostatin

A

A hormone that inhibits gastric secretion.

61
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

A sphincter like structure separating the small intestine from the large intestine.

62
Q

Prostaglandin

A

A group of fat based compounds with a range of hormone like effects

63
Q

Gut associated lymphoid tissue ( GALT)

A

Tissues in the gut that store, release and regulate immune cells and cell signals.

64
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

A type of complex carbohydrates

65
Q

Lactose

A

A type of sugar found in dairy products.

66
Q

Sugar alcohols

A

A class of compounds derived from sugar that typically taste sweet but have lower energy; often used as artificial sweeteners or thickeners.

67
Q

Fermentation

A

Digestion of substances by microorganisms eg bacteria and yeasts.

68
Q

Gut brain axis

A

The signaling pathway between the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems.

69
Q

Prebiotics

A

Substances such as dietary fiber, that feed bacteria in our GI tract.

70
Q

Probiotics

A

Foods (eg Sauerkraut, yogurt, or kimchi.) that are fermented and therefore colonized with bacteria or supplements containing bacteria (& sometimes friendly yeast).

71
Q

Gastrotransmitter

A

A signaling molecule within the GI tract.

72
Q

Pepsinogen

A

An inactive form of the enzyme pepsin secreted by the stomach that helps to break down proteins when activated.

73
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK).

A

A hormone released after we eat protein and/or fat, which increases satiety.

74
Q

Hypothalamic Amenorrhea

A

Losing menstrual periods due to injury to or stress by the hypothalamus.

75
Q

Diurnal

A

Day based.

76
Q

Corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH).

A

A neurotransmitter that works with leptin and NPY to regulate metabolism and body composition.

77
Q

Tight cellular junctions

A

The seal between adjacent epithelial cells, helping to keep food particles and pathogens inside the intestine.

78
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

Sores in the stomach

79
Q

Emesis

A

Vomiting.

80
Q

Antibody

A

An immune system protein produced as a defense against a specific pathogen eg virus.

81
Q

Immunoglobulin E (Ige)

A

A specific type of antibody produced by the immune system.

82
Q

Mast cells

A

A type of immune system cell that releases histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions.

83
Q

Allergen.

A

A substance that causes an allergic reaction.

Precision nutrition (11 decks)

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