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Precision nutrition > Chapter 7 System and cells > Flashcards

Chapter 7 System and cells Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem

A

A dynamic, interactive, interconnected network of living things and the physical environment

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2
Q

Homeostasis.

A

The state of balanced function in the body.

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3
Q

Organ System.

A

A group of organs coordinated around a specific function.

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4
Q

Ligament

A

Connective tissue attaching bone to bones.

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Muscles that move the body

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6
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.

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7
Q

Cardiac Muscles.

A

Heart muscles.

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8
Q

Smooth muscles

A

Muscles of the arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, uterus and more

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9
Q

Electrochemical

A

An electrochemical process or reaction is one in which electricity is produced y a chemical reaction.

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10
Q

PH

A

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration, which determines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

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11
Q

Organ

A

A self contained part of the body that has a specific function

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12
Q

Epithelial Tissue.

A

Thin tissue making up skin and lining of gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.

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13
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Tissue that makes up structures such as our joints and fascia.

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14
Q

Fascia

A

A band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses and/or stabilizes other structures such as muscles.

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15
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Fibrous tissue that can contract and produce movement.

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16
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Tissue that makes up our brain, nerves, and associated structures.

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17
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Fat tissue

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18
Q

Myofibers

A

Muscle cells

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19
Q

Axons

A

The long stem-like part of a nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses.

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20
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

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21
Q

Solutes

A

Substances eg salts dissolved in a solvent eg water.

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

The collection of cellular tasks and chemical reactions needed to sustain life.

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23
Q

Pathogens

A

Micro organisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi that can cause disease.

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24
Q

Adipocyte

A

An adipose fat cell.

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25
Q

Peristalsis

A

The rhythmic, wavelike, muscular contractions in tubular structures, like organs of the digestive system.

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26
Q

Cell walls

A

A rigid layer that gives structure to the cells of plants , fungi, and some bacteria.

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27
Q

Fiber

A

Carbohydrate-based substances such as cellulose that resist digestion by enzymes.

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28
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Using sunlight to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water.

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29
Q

Tuber

A

A root structure that contains fuel for a plant.

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30
Q

Glycogen

A

The storage form of carbohydrates in muscles.

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31
Q

Enterocytes.

A

Distinctly shaped cells that create a “ brush border” and increase the surface area of the intestinal lining.

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32
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny finger like projections from the surface of cells

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33
Q

Stratified cells

A

Stacked cells .

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34
Q

Goblet cells

A

Column shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts that secrete mucin.

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35
Q

Mucin

A

A key component of mucus, which helps to lubricate the intestinal lining and keep out pathogens.

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36
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

Strong cube shaped cells; often structural cells, as in salivary glands and the lining of the mouth.

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37
Q

Squamous cells

A

Flat cells that are easily sloughed off and replaced, as in the lining of the esophagus.

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38
Q

Organelles

A

Membrane bound structures that have specific jobs that help maintain the cell.

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39
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

A network of tube-like structures within a cell that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

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40
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A structure within a cell involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

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41
Q

Mitochondria

A

A structure within a cell involved in the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production.

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42
Q

Cytosol

A

A semi fluid matrix within the cell.

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43
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large groups of molecules.

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44
Q

Molecules

A

A group of atoms bonded together.

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45
Q

Atoms.

A

The smallest most basic unit of a chemical.

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46
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The boundary of a cell

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47
Q

Nucleus

A

An organelle that contains enzymes that break down substances.

48
Q

Lysosome

A

An organelle that contains enzymes that breaks down substances.

49
Q

Peroxisome.

A

An organelle containing enzymes that help metabolize nutrients.

50
Q

Bilayer

A

Double layer of cell membrane.

51
Q

Phospholipids

A

Molecules with phosphate heads and fatty acid tails.

52
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving soluble in water

53
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing , insoluble in water.

54
Q

Saturated fat

A

A type of fat without double chemical bonds, most often from animals, that is typically solid at room temperature.

55
Q

Trans fat.

A

An unsaturated fatty acid with a particular chemical structure, most often occurring in manufactured products.

56
Q

Monounsaturated fat.

A

A type of fatty acid with one double bond.

57
Q

Polyunsaturated fat

A

A type of fatty acid with more than one double bond, often liquid at room temperature.

58
Q

Glycan.

A

A type of complex carbohydrate.

59
Q

Glycoprotein.

A

A type of protein with a carbohydrate group attached.

60
Q

Simple diffusion.

A

Natural movement of molecules from high concentration to lower concentration.

61
Q

Channel Protein.

A

A pore like protein in a cell membrane that allows molecules to flow in passively.

62
Q

Carrier protein.

A

A molecule that transports substances in and out of cells, either passively or actively.

63
Q

Passive transport.

A

Moving substances across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, using energy.

64
Q

Pump protein.

A

A molecule that actively transports moles in and out of cells using energy.

65
Q

Signal Transduction

A

Transmitting information throughout an organism, especially across or through a cell.

66
Q

Signaling Pathway

A

A sequence of chemical messaging among and within cells.

67
Q

Second messenger

A

A chemical signal within a cell that is activated by something else and is part of a signaling pathway

68
Q

Receptor

A

A membrane structure that allows a cell to recognize substances and receive messages.

69
Q

Gene expression

A

The process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product.

70
Q

Pancreas

A

An organ that is part of the gastrointestinal tract and secretes insulin.

71
Q

Glucose Transporters

A

Proteins that carry glucose across a cell membrane.

72
Q

Cytoplasm.

A

The viscous material inside the cell that contains the organelles.

73
Q

Enzymes

A

Substances that break down other substances, or stimulate chemical reactions

74
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

The energy currency of cells.

75
Q

Mitochondria Density

A

Having more and bigger mitochondria, which provides more energy.

76
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

A

Unstable oxygen-containing molecules that in high quantities can cause cellular damage, including damaging our DNA.

77
Q

Mitochondria Efficiently

A

Requiring relatively less oxygen to produce relatively more energy with fewer waste products.

78
Q

Statin drugs

A

A class of drugs that inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol and decrease low density lipoprotein (LDL).

79
Q

Co Enzymes Q10 (CoQ10)

A

A compound needed for energy production in the mitochondria.

80
Q

Compound

A

A molecule made up of two or more elements.

81
Q

L-Carnitine

A

A compound mainly from animal foods, involved in energy production in the mitochondria.

82
Q

Chromosomes

A

A tightly compacted structure in the nucleus that carries our genetic information.

83
Q

DNA

A

A series of nuclei acids that contain our genetic code.

84
Q

Gene

A

A distinct segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional protein.

85
Q

Evolutionary conserved

A

Genes that appear very early in our evolutionary history and have persisted.

86
Q

Genetic polymorphism

A

Small genetic differences

87
Q

Antioxidants

A

A substance that decreases oxidation, particularly in cellular metabolism.

88
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A roughly 24 hr cycle of light and dark that organizes physiological processes.

89
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

A

A more extensive and specialized ER of muscle contraction and relaxation.

90
Q

Ribosomes

A

The protein factories of a cell.

91
Q

Lipid

A

A molecule that can’t dissolve in water eg fats.

92
Q

Steroid hormones

A

A group of related hormones with a distinctive ring shaped molecule structure

93
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Making proteins

94
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA).

A

A messenger that carries instructions from DNA to make proteins.

95
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened enzyme containing membrane disks that are part of the ER and Golgi apparatus.

96
Q

Vesicles

A

Small sacs within the cell that can transport molecules.

97
Q

Microorganisms

A

A microscopic organism, such as a bacterium or virus.

98
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

99
Q

Detoxify.

A

To remove toxic or harmful substances

100
Q

Cholesterol

A

A type of fat based molecule found in most tissues. Crucial in metabolism.

101
Q

Bile.

A

A fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that helps break down fats during digestion.

102
Q

B-oxidation

A

The process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to be used for energy

103
Q

Prostaglandin

A

A group of compounds with hormone like effects.

104
Q

Lipases

A

Enzymes that breakdown fats lipids.

105
Q

Proteases.

A

Enzymes that break down proteins.

106
Q

Amylases

A

Enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates.

107
Q

Sucrose

A

Table sugar, a disaccharide ( double sugar molecule).

108
Q

Glucose

A

A type of simple sugar molecule (monosaccharide).

109
Q

Fructose

A

A type of simple sugar molecule ( monosaccharide).

110
Q

Catalyst

A

Substances that jump start and speed up chemical reactions.

111
Q

Phytochemicals

A

Chemical compounds in plants.

112
Q

Zoo chemicals

A

Chemical compounds in animal foods.

113
Q

Fatty acids

A

One form of fat in the body.

114
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy stored in food in the form of chemical bonds

115
Q

Co factor.

A

A substance needed for enzymes to work in chemical reactions.

116
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical compound used to send messages and/or cause effects in tissues.

Precision nutrition (11 decks)

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