Chapter 7 System and cells Flashcards
Ecosystem
A dynamic, interactive, interconnected network of living things and the physical environment
Homeostasis.
The state of balanced function in the body.
Organ System.
A group of organs coordinated around a specific function.
Ligament
Connective tissue attaching bone to bones.
Skeletal muscle
Muscles that move the body
Tendons
Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.
Cardiac Muscles.
Heart muscles.
Smooth muscles
Muscles of the arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, uterus and more
Electrochemical
An electrochemical process or reaction is one in which electricity is produced y a chemical reaction.
PH
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration, which determines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Organ
A self contained part of the body that has a specific function
Epithelial Tissue.
Thin tissue making up skin and lining of gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.
Connective Tissue
Tissue that makes up structures such as our joints and fascia.
Fascia
A band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses and/or stabilizes other structures such as muscles.
Muscle Tissue
Fibrous tissue that can contract and produce movement.
Nervous Tissue
Tissue that makes up our brain, nerves, and associated structures.
Adipose Tissue
Fat tissue
Myofibers
Muscle cells
Axons
The long stem-like part of a nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses.
Neurons
Nerve cells
Solutes
Substances eg salts dissolved in a solvent eg water.
Metabolism
The collection of cellular tasks and chemical reactions needed to sustain life.
Pathogens
Micro organisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi that can cause disease.
Adipocyte
An adipose fat cell.
Peristalsis
The rhythmic, wavelike, muscular contractions in tubular structures, like organs of the digestive system.
Cell walls
A rigid layer that gives structure to the cells of plants , fungi, and some bacteria.
Fiber
Carbohydrate-based substances such as cellulose that resist digestion by enzymes.
Photosynthesis
Using sunlight to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water.
Tuber
A root structure that contains fuel for a plant.
Glycogen
The storage form of carbohydrates in muscles.
Enterocytes.
Distinctly shaped cells that create a “ brush border” and increase the surface area of the intestinal lining.
Microvilli
Tiny finger like projections from the surface of cells
Stratified cells
Stacked cells .
Goblet cells
Column shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts that secrete mucin.
Mucin
A key component of mucus, which helps to lubricate the intestinal lining and keep out pathogens.
Cuboidal cells
Strong cube shaped cells; often structural cells, as in salivary glands and the lining of the mouth.
Squamous cells
Flat cells that are easily sloughed off and replaced, as in the lining of the esophagus.
Organelles
Membrane bound structures that have specific jobs that help maintain the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A network of tube-like structures within a cell that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus
A structure within a cell involved in secretion and intracellular transport.
Mitochondria
A structure within a cell involved in the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production.
Cytosol
A semi fluid matrix within the cell.
Macromolecules
Large groups of molecules.
Molecules
A group of atoms bonded together.
Atoms.
The smallest most basic unit of a chemical.
Plasma membrane
The boundary of a cell
Nucleus
An organelle that contains enzymes that break down substances.
Lysosome
An organelle that contains enzymes that breaks down substances.
Peroxisome.
An organelle containing enzymes that help metabolize nutrients.
Bilayer
Double layer of cell membrane.
Phospholipids
Molecules with phosphate heads and fatty acid tails.
Hydrophilic
Water loving soluble in water
Hydrophobic
Water fearing , insoluble in water.
Saturated fat
A type of fat without double chemical bonds, most often from animals, that is typically solid at room temperature.
Trans fat.
An unsaturated fatty acid with a particular chemical structure, most often occurring in manufactured products.
Monounsaturated fat.
A type of fatty acid with one double bond.
Polyunsaturated fat
A type of fatty acid with more than one double bond, often liquid at room temperature.
Glycan.
A type of complex carbohydrate.
Glycoprotein.
A type of protein with a carbohydrate group attached.
Simple diffusion.
Natural movement of molecules from high concentration to lower concentration.
Channel Protein.
A pore like protein in a cell membrane that allows molecules to flow in passively.
Carrier protein.
A molecule that transports substances in and out of cells, either passively or actively.
Passive transport.
Moving substances across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, using energy.
Pump protein.
A molecule that actively transports moles in and out of cells using energy.
Signal Transduction
Transmitting information throughout an organism, especially across or through a cell.
Signaling Pathway
A sequence of chemical messaging among and within cells.
Second messenger
A chemical signal within a cell that is activated by something else and is part of a signaling pathway
Receptor
A membrane structure that allows a cell to recognize substances and receive messages.
Gene expression
The process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product.
Pancreas
An organ that is part of the gastrointestinal tract and secretes insulin.
Glucose Transporters
Proteins that carry glucose across a cell membrane.
Cytoplasm.
The viscous material inside the cell that contains the organelles.
Enzymes
Substances that break down other substances, or stimulate chemical reactions
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The energy currency of cells.
Mitochondria Density
Having more and bigger mitochondria, which provides more energy.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Unstable oxygen-containing molecules that in high quantities can cause cellular damage, including damaging our DNA.
Mitochondria Efficiently
Requiring relatively less oxygen to produce relatively more energy with fewer waste products.
Statin drugs
A class of drugs that inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol and decrease low density lipoprotein (LDL).
Co Enzymes Q10 (CoQ10)
A compound needed for energy production in the mitochondria.
Compound
A molecule made up of two or more elements.
L-Carnitine
A compound mainly from animal foods, involved in energy production in the mitochondria.
Chromosomes
A tightly compacted structure in the nucleus that carries our genetic information.
DNA
A series of nuclei acids that contain our genetic code.
Gene
A distinct segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional protein.
Evolutionary conserved
Genes that appear very early in our evolutionary history and have persisted.
Genetic polymorphism
Small genetic differences
Antioxidants
A substance that decreases oxidation, particularly in cellular metabolism.
Circadian rhythm
A roughly 24 hr cycle of light and dark that organizes physiological processes.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
A more extensive and specialized ER of muscle contraction and relaxation.
Ribosomes
The protein factories of a cell.
Lipid
A molecule that can’t dissolve in water eg fats.
Steroid hormones
A group of related hormones with a distinctive ring shaped molecule structure
Protein synthesis
Making proteins
Ribonucleic acid (RNA).
A messenger that carries instructions from DNA to make proteins.
Cisternae
Flattened enzyme containing membrane disks that are part of the ER and Golgi apparatus.
Vesicles
Small sacs within the cell that can transport molecules.
Microorganisms
A microscopic organism, such as a bacterium or virus.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Detoxify.
To remove toxic or harmful substances
Cholesterol
A type of fat based molecule found in most tissues. Crucial in metabolism.
Bile.
A fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that helps break down fats during digestion.
B-oxidation
The process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to be used for energy
Prostaglandin
A group of compounds with hormone like effects.
Lipases
Enzymes that breakdown fats lipids.
Proteases.
Enzymes that break down proteins.
Amylases
Enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates.
Sucrose
Table sugar, a disaccharide ( double sugar molecule).
Glucose
A type of simple sugar molecule (monosaccharide).
Fructose
A type of simple sugar molecule ( monosaccharide).
Catalyst
Substances that jump start and speed up chemical reactions.
Phytochemicals
Chemical compounds in plants.
Zoo chemicals
Chemical compounds in animal foods.
Fatty acids
One form of fat in the body.
Potential energy
Energy stored in food in the form of chemical bonds
Co factor.
A substance needed for enzymes to work in chemical reactions.
Hormone
A chemical compound used to send messages and/or cause effects in tissues.
