Chapter 11 Macronutrients Flashcards
Macronutrient split.
The percentage of energy in a diet contributed by fat protein and or carbohydrate.
Amino.
A nitrogen hydrogen compound with the chemical formula NH2
Nitrogen.
One of the fundamental elements in the body.
Carboxyl group
An acidic compound with carbon, two oxygens and a hydrogen
Branched chain amino acids BCAAs.
Amino acids with a branched molecular structure.
Polypeptides.
A complex structure made of multiple peptides forming a protein molecule.
Peptide bonds.
Bonds that hold peptides and proteins together.
Pro enzymes.
Normally inactive substances that must be activated by other enzymes and chemicals.
Urea.
Nitrogen based waste product from protein breakdown. Excreted in urine.
Conditionally essential amino acids.
Amino acids that we can make ourselves, but not always effectively particularly when we’re under physical stress.
Phenylketonuria (PKU).
An inherited metabolic disease that causes a build up of the amino phenylalanine.
Homocysteine.
An inherited metabolic disease that causes a build up of homocysteine and its metabolites.
Hydrocarbon.
A compound of hydrogen and carbon bonded together.
Corticosteroid hormones.
A group of steroid hormones that includes the glucocorticoids involved in blood sugar regulation and mineralocorticoids involved in regulation of mineral and fluid levels.
Fat soluble vitamins.
Vitamins that cannot dissolve in water.
Linoleic acid.
An essential omega 3 fatty acid that cannot be made in the body.
Glucocorticoid.
A type of hormone involved in blood sugar.
Cortisol.
A major stress response and steroid hormone that regulates a wide range of vital body processes.
Meta analysis.
A type of study that analyses many studies simultaneously.
Eicosanoids .
Signaling molecules that help regulate processes such as immunity or inflammation.
Anti inflammatory.
Substances that lower or prevent inflammation.
Ions.
Particles of an element with an electrical charge.
Hydrogenation.
Adding hydrogen ions to unsaturated fatty acid to artificially saturate the molecules.
Gras generally recognized as safe.
A designation given by the United States food administration to food.
Conjugated linoleic acid CLA.
A naturally occurring trans fat that doesn’t seem to harm humans.
Monosaccharide.
A simple carbohydrate molecule with one ring . One sugar.
Disaccharide.
A simple carbohydrate molecule with two rings . Two sugars.
Oligosaccharides .
A simple carbohydrate molecule with a few rings . A few sugars.
Amylose.
One of the two main forms of starch, has a long chain structure.
Amylopectin.
One of the two main forms of starch; has a branched chain structure.
Glycosidic bonds.
A bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule.
Salivary amylases.
Enzymes in saliva that break down carbohydrates in the mouth.
Hydrolyze.
A process of chemical breakdown.
Galactose.
A simple sugar monosaccharide.
Glycemic index. GI.
A measure of how quickly and significantly a given food can raise our blood sugar.
Glycemic load. GL.
An alternative measure to glycemic index. GI, Based on the GI multiplied by the serving size of the food.
Insulin index. 11
A measure of the amount of insulin the body produces in response to a particular food.
Foodmap.
A group of carbohydrates fermentable oligo- dimono- saccharides and polyols that can cause digestive problems in some people.
Acetate.
A type of short chain fatty acid SCFA produced by gut bacteria and involved in metabolic processes.
Butyrate.
A type of chain fatty acid SCFA produced by gut bacteria and involved in metabolic processes
Propionate.
A type of short chain fatty acid SCFA produced by gut bacteria and involved in metabolic processes.
Enterohepatic recycling.
The interconnected process of substances being produced or metabolized by the liver, excreted via bile into the intestines and then reabsorbed through the intestine.
Resistance starch.
A type of starch that resists digestion and acts like fiber.
