Chapter 9: Deafness & Hearing Loss Flashcards
Deaf
can’t use hearing to understand speech
Residual Hearing
deaf perceiving some sounds, but not enough to understand
Hard of Hearing
Can use their hearing to understand speech generally with the help of a hearing aid.
Decibels (dB)
Measure of intensity or loudness
Hertz (Hz)
Measures frequency and pitch
IDEA Definition Deafness
Deafness means a hearing loss that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification, [and] that adversely affects a child’s educational performance
IDEA Definition (Hard of Hearing)
Hearing loss means a loss in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s education performance but that is not included under the definition of deafness in this section
Characteristics (Literacy) (5)
-Children with hearing loss at birth are at a significant disadvantage for acquiring English language skills
-Smaller vocabs than typical children
-Omit word endings
-Difficulty differentiating questions from statements and understanding and writing in passive voice and relative clauses
-Deaf must put more work in to correctly using English grammar b/c English is not logical
Characteristics (Speech) (2)
-Speech of deaf is difficult to understand because they omit sounds they can’t hear (/s/, /sh/, etc.)
-Improper stress, too quiet, too loud
Characteristics (Academic Achievement) (3)
-Lag behind peers in academic achievement, especially reading and math
-Deafness imposes no limitation on cognitive abilities, typical intelligence
-Problems are attributable to inadequate development of first language
Characteristics (Social Functioning) (2)
-Feel isolated, without friends, unhappy in school
-More likely to have behavioral issues than typical kids
Prevalence (5)
-15% adults report some trouble hearing
-Males are more likely to experience hearing loss
-Majority of people w/hearing loss are 65 or older
-2-3 children out of 1,000 are born deaf or hard of hearing
-1% of school age children who receive special education services and 0.1% of student population
Types of Hearing Loss (8)
-Conductive Hearing Loss: abnormalities or complications to outer or middle ear
-Sensory Hearing Impairment: damage to cochlea
-Neural Hearing Impairment: abnormality of the auditory nerve pathway
-Sensorineural: more severe and can’t usually be helped with aids
-Mixed Hearing Loss: Conductive and Sensorineural
-Unilateral & Bilateral
-Congenital & Acquired
-Pre-lingual and Post-lingual (before and after development of spoken language)
Causes of Congenital Hearing Loss (4)
-half of all congenital deafness caused by genetic abnormalities
-Maternal Rubella
-Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
-Prematurity
Causes of Acquired Hearing Loss (4)
-Otitis Media
-Meningitis
-Meniere’s Disease (inner ear, vertigo, tinnitus)
-Noise Exposure
Hearing Loss Cause
undetermined in 57% of cases
Identification & Assessment (5)
-All infants babble even if they are deaf, but they stop
-Infant deaf screening: auditory brain stem response, otoacoustic emission screening
-Older children and adults screening: Pure-Tone audiometry (how loud sounds at various frequencies have to be to be heard)
-Speech Reception Test: lowest decibel level at which the individual can repeat half of the words
-Alternative Audiometric Techniques: for young children and people with severe disabilities
Technologies & Supports (8)
-Hearing Aids
-Group Assistive Listening Device: teacher wears microphone and students wear receiver
-Cochlear Implants: stimulates auditory nerve directly, skips hair cells in cochlea
-Sign Language Interpreters
-Speech-to-Text Translation: lectures are typed in code and show up on students screens
-Captions
-Text Telephones
-Alerting Devices
Educational Approaches (8)
-Oral/Aural Approach: view speech as essential if students who are deaf to function in the hearing world (use aids, discourage gestures, learn to speak)
-Auditory Learning: improves listening skills, awareness of sound, localization of sound, discrimination of sound (learn by listening, develops residual hearing)
-Speechreading: reading lips to understand, very difficult
-Cued Speech: visual system of hand signals that represent phonemes
-Total Communication: signing and finger spelling
-Manually Coded English: educationally oriented sign systems
-Fingerspelling
-ASL
Placement (6)
-63% reg classrooms
-15% resource rooms
-11% separate classrooms
-8% special schools
-2% separate school for deaf
-1.5% private schools
