Chapter 9: Deafness & Hearing Loss

Question 1

Deaf

Answer 1

can’t use hearing to understand speech

Question 2

Residual Hearing

Answer 2

deaf perceiving some sounds, but not enough to understand

Question 3

Hard of Hearing

Answer 3

Can use their hearing to understand speech generally with the help of a hearing aid.

Question 4

Decibels (dB)

Answer 4

Measure of intensity or loudness

Question 5

Hertz (Hz)

Answer 5

Measures frequency and pitch

Question 6

IDEA Definition Deafness

Answer 6

Deafness means a hearing loss that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification, [and] that adversely affects a child’s educational performance

Question 7

IDEA Definition (Hard of Hearing)

Answer 7

Hearing loss means a loss in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s education performance but that is not included under the definition of deafness in this section

Question 8

Characteristics (Literacy) (5)

Answer 8

-Children with hearing loss at birth are at a significant disadvantage for acquiring English language skills
-Smaller vocabs than typical children
-Omit word endings
-Difficulty differentiating questions from statements and understanding and writing in passive voice and relative clauses
-Deaf must put more work in to correctly using English grammar b/c English is not logical

Question 9

Characteristics (Speech) (2)

Answer 9

-Speech of deaf is difficult to understand because they omit sounds they can’t hear (/s/, /sh/, etc.)
-Improper stress, too quiet, too loud

Question 10

Characteristics (Academic Achievement) (3)

Answer 10

-Lag behind peers in academic achievement, especially reading and math
-Deafness imposes no limitation on cognitive abilities, typical intelligence
-Problems are attributable to inadequate development of first language

Question 11

Characteristics (Social Functioning) (2)

Answer 11

-Feel isolated, without friends, unhappy in school
-More likely to have behavioral issues than typical kids

Question 12

Prevalence (5)

Answer 12

-15% adults report some trouble hearing
-Males are more likely to experience hearing loss
-Majority of people w/hearing loss are 65 or older
-2-3 children out of 1,000 are born deaf or hard of hearing
-1% of school age children who receive special education services and 0.1% of student population

Question 13

Types of Hearing Loss (8)

Answer 13

-Conductive Hearing Loss: abnormalities or complications to outer or middle ear
-Sensory Hearing Impairment: damage to cochlea
-Neural Hearing Impairment: abnormality of the auditory nerve pathway
-Sensorineural: more severe and can’t usually be helped with aids
-Mixed Hearing Loss: Conductive and Sensorineural
-Unilateral & Bilateral
-Congenital & Acquired
-Pre-lingual and Post-lingual (before and after development of spoken language)

Question 14

Causes of Congenital Hearing Loss (4)

Answer 14

-half of all congenital deafness caused by genetic abnormalities
-Maternal Rubella
-Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
-Prematurity

Question 15

Causes of Acquired Hearing Loss (4)

Answer 15

-Otitis Media
-Meningitis
-Meniere’s Disease (inner ear, vertigo, tinnitus)
-Noise Exposure

Question 16

Hearing Loss Cause

Answer 16

undetermined in 57% of cases

Question 17

Identification & Assessment (5)

Answer 17

-All infants babble even if they are deaf, but they stop
-Infant deaf screening: auditory brain stem response, otoacoustic emission screening
-Older children and adults screening: Pure-Tone audiometry (how loud sounds at various frequencies have to be to be heard)
-Speech Reception Test: lowest decibel level at which the individual can repeat half of the words
-Alternative Audiometric Techniques: for young children and people with severe disabilities

Question 18

Technologies & Supports (8)

Answer 18

-Hearing Aids
-Group Assistive Listening Device: teacher wears microphone and students wear receiver
-Cochlear Implants: stimulates auditory nerve directly, skips hair cells in cochlea
-Sign Language Interpreters
-Speech-to-Text Translation: lectures are typed in code and show up on students screens
-Captions
-Text Telephones
-Alerting Devices

Question 19

Educational Approaches (8)

Answer 19

-Oral/Aural Approach: view speech as essential if students who are deaf to function in the hearing world (use aids, discourage gestures, learn to speak)
-Auditory Learning: improves listening skills, awareness of sound, localization of sound, discrimination of sound (learn by listening, develops residual hearing)
-Speechreading: reading lips to understand, very difficult
-Cued Speech: visual system of hand signals that represent phonemes
-Total Communication: signing and finger spelling
-Manually Coded English: educationally oriented sign systems
-Fingerspelling
-ASL

Question 20

Placement (6)

Answer 20

-63% reg classrooms
-15% resource rooms
-11% separate classrooms
-8% special schools
-2% separate school for deaf
-1.5% private schools