Chapter 9: Crime and Criminal Justice Flashcards

Question

Manslaughter

Answer 1

Is the unlawful unintentional killing of another person

Answer 2

Is the killing of four or more people at one time in one place by the same person 1992- killing of four professors at Concordia University

Answer 3

Is the killing of three or more people over more than a moth by the same person.

Answer 4

Visionaries kill because they hear voices Missionaries take it upon themselves to rid the world of what they believe is an undesirable type of person Hedonists - who obtain personal or sexual gratification from violence 4) power/control seekers - who achieve gratification from the complete possession of the victim

Answer 5

Homicide follows certain patterns in terms of gender, age, radicalization, and region of the country as analyses from earlier years show 2011 - just less than three quarters were male and 90% of the accused were male Homicide is much more likely to take place in the western and eastern provinces

Answer 6

80% knew their killer 2011 - 89%. Intimate partner homicides 2011 - a knife or another cutting instrument was the most likely weapon used 27 firearms

Answer 7

The term “rape” is no longer used in canada as a sexual motivated crime, but it is actually an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon against the powerless

Answer 8

Sexual activity that meets the legal definition of sexual assault and involves people who first meet in a social setting It encompasses dates and casual aquanances but excludes spouses The phrase was coined to distinguish between forced , non conscentual sex between people who know one another

Answer 9

Includes homicide, robbery, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault Defined as two or more person engaged in anti social behaviour who form an allegiance for a common criminal purpose and who individually or collectively

Answer 10

youth movements - skin heals and punks who perpetuate hate crimes Youth groups - hang out together Criminal groups - small groups that band together for financial gains Street Gags - young adults who plan criminal behaviour Criminal organizations - older, well established

Answer 11

Crimes that are motivated by the offenders hatred of certain characteristics of the victim (nationality) 2010 - there were 1401 crimes classified as hate crimes, down from 1482 in 2009, but up from 892 in 2006 Half were motivated by race and ethnicity 30% motivated by religion 15% motivated by sexual orientation

Answer 12

Is the taking of money or property from another without force, the threat of force or the destruction of property According to victimization survey’s the most frequent is break and enter Youth have the highest risk of being subject to property crime Theft under $5000 - this includes purse snatching

Answer 13

Joyriding - the vehicle is stolen for the fun of riding in it Transportation Crime Profit

Answer 14

Identity theft and identity fraud The RCMP reports that the internet facilitates identity theft and in 2009, the Canadian anti fraud centre received identity fraud reports from 11, 095 Canadians - totally a loss of $10 million.

Answer 15

US has a much higher violent crime rate, however Canada has a much higher property crime rate

Answer 16

Refers to illegal activities committed by people int he course of their employment or normal business activity Sutherland - referring to people who work in service industries as opposed to the blue collar workers who work in factories he was referring to such acts that employee theft, fraud Most white collar crime comes unreported

Answer 17

Illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support. Corporate crime has a huge direct and indirect injurious as well as economic effects

Answer 18

Business operation that supplies goods and services for profit These illegal enterprises include drug trafficking, Prositution, gambling, loan sparking Margaret Beare (1996) groups very according to their dependence on crime - some use them to carry out activities (cartels) others use them to support their activities (terrorism)

Answer 19

Involves a violation of law or the commission of a status offence by a young person 12-17 years of age The Youth Criminal Justice Act of 2003 recognizes that effective responses to youth Crime may be outside the courts. Rates tend to be higher among youth - peaks among those 18 Has decreases since the 1990s

Answer 20

Believe that the macro level structure of society produces anomie Strain theory - states that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they cannot reach because they do not have access to a culturally approved means of achieving those goals 40 year study on crime suggests that economic factors play a role in crime eg 1970s inflation went up property crime

Answer 21

Conformity - accept the culturally approved goals Innovation - people accept the society goals but use illegitimate means to acheive them, Ritualism - give up societal goals, but still adhere to the socially approved means of achieving them, Retreatism - abandon both, Rebellion - advocate alternatives

Answer 22

Why do people not engage in deviant behaviour? People are constantly pushed or pulled towards deviant behaviour Environmental factors such as adverse living conditions, poverty, and lack of education draw people toward deviance Pushes - internal - feelings of hostility make people not want to act according to dominant values

Answer 23

Deviance is likely to occur when ties to society are broken

Answer 24

Deviance is part of the normative expectations governing everyday behaviour among young males in the lower classes

Answer 25

Holds that the patterns and timing of peoples daily movements and activities as they go about obtaining necessities of life - food, shelter, companionship- are keys to understanding violent and property crime in society

Answer 26

Emphasizing that individuals are not biologically impaired or psychologically impaired but responding to social and economic conditions in society Strain theory - ctiriqued for only focusing on lower class crime Social Bond - inability to explain more serious crime

Answer 27

Examines deviance in terms of power differentials How authority and power differentials contribute to some people becoming criminals Crime is not a behaviour but a status that is acquired when people with the authority to create and enforce legal rules apply those rules to others

Answer 28

``` That social institutions laws, politics, and education create a super culture that legitimizes the class structure and maintains capitalists superior position Crimes committed by low income people typically involve asking things by force or physically stealth while white collar crime usually involves non physical means such as paper transactions or computer fraud. ```

Answer 29

That individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with people who tend toward deviance rather than conformity

Answer 30

``` Delinquents and criminals are people who have been successfully labelled as such by others Howard Becker (1963) moral entrepreneurs - people who use their own views of right and wrong to establish rules and label others deviant One study showed that youth delinquents from lower class families were more likely to go to prison than middle class kids who did the same ```

Answer 31

Primary deviance - initial act of rule breaking in which the deviant self concept has not been internalized Secondary deviance - is labelled a Deliquent and then engages in it Critiques - does not explain initial deviance

Answer 32

Converting of deviance to a medical condition or disease Converting alcoholism to disease rather than deviance Questions about personal responsibility vs medical condition arise Influence of biological factors on serious violent crime

Answer 33

``` Focus on why women commit crimes or engage in Deliquent behaviour Elizabeth Comack (1999) - studies of women offending are often histories of sexual abuse Chesney-Lind (1988) - believe that patriarchy contributes to crimes of prostitution because of the sexual double standard (radical) ```

Answer 34

Believes that women are exploited by capitalism and patriarchy - females have relatively low wages few economic resources, crimes such as prostitution become a way of earning a living.

Answer 35

Is the network of organizations including the police, courts, criminal prosecutions and corrections involves in law enforcement and the administration of justice 1) the criminal justice system fails to rehabilitate 2) unequal justice occurs in relation to class, gender, age, sexual orientation

Answer 36

Determine how to apply the law Nature of the offence, quality of evidence, the age, radicalization, and gender, the level of defence shown to the police

Answer 37

As a way of reducing crime - getting them out of patrol cars and interacting with the community, recognizing problems and working with neighbourhood people to find a solution In Toronto is it difficult to show the overall crime rate has been influenced by community policing because the crime rate has been down

Answer 38

Retribution Social protection Rehabilitation Deterrence

Answer 39

Focuses on repairing the harm caused by the crime by holding moderated meeting of crime victims offenders and others affected by the crime which can be used at different sites in the justice system for example as diversion from court, a present ending option and after the release from prison