Chapter 8 - Addictions Flashcards

Question

Drug Abuse

Answer 1

Is the excessive or inappropriate use of a drug that results in some form of physical, mental, or social impairment

Answer 2

Physical, psychological, or social evidence that harm has been done to individuals, families, communities or the entire society by the use of a drug.

Answer 3

The perception of consequences overrides the objective component Ex. Consider our society’s objective or subjective components underlying our society’s view of the use of marijuana Subjective is the belief that marijuana is detrimental to health Subjective component of alcohol is that it is generally acceptable

Answer 4

Refers to a psychological and or physiological need for a drug to maintain a sense of well being and avoid withdrawal symptoms

Answer 5

Occurs when larger does of a drug are required over time to produce the same physiological effect that was originally achieved by a mallet dose

Answer 6

Refers to a variety of physical and or psychological symptoms that habitual drug users experience when they discontinue drug use

Answer 7

Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey (CADUMS) National Poulation Health Survey (NPHS) - in depth interviewing of 17000 Canadians Alcohol is considered a dominance part of our culture Beer 3-6 percent Distilled spirits -40% (80 proof) 50% (100 proof) Alcohol is a depressant

Answer 8

Are more frequent drinkers who typically consume greater quantities of alcohol when they drink and are more likely to become intoxicated

Answer 9

Have trouble controlling their use of alcohol and plan their schedule around drinking

Answer 10

Have lost control over their drinking and tend to engage in compulsive behaviour such as hiding liquor bottles

Answer 11

90% of Canadians have drank alcohol Binge Drinking 5+ drinks in one sitting Low risk drinking - no more than 10 drinks for women, 2 drinks a day Men 15 drinks a week,3 drinks a day These are not arbitrary but standard in relation to liver disease A higher rate of men in the acute and chronic alcohol catagory

Answer 12

Such as inflammation and enlargement of the heart muscle, poor blood circulation, reduced heart contractions, fatty accumulation in the heart and arteries, high blood pressure and cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke

Answer 13

Chronic alcohol contributes to irreversible changes in the liver a progressive development of scar tissue in the liver tat chokes off blood vessels and destroys liver cells by interfering with their use of oxygen

Answer 14

CADMUS did not survey harms done by ones own or others drinking. The researchers surveyed harms done only for drug taking behaviour Likely safe to assume that much harm was committed as a resul of problem drinking

Answer 15

is an umbrella term used to describe the range of disabilities and diagnoses that result from dinking alcohol during pregnancy Specific birth defects and the degree of the disability can depend on how much alcohol wa drunk and how often and when during the pregnancy More prevalent that Down Syndrome or Spina Bifida 123 and 740 babies are born with FAS per year

Answer 16

Drinking often do not realize how much alcohol they consumes or what the effect it has on their drinking ability Anything over 0.08 is referred to as impaired driving

Answer 17

For every person who has a problem with alcohol, about four other people are directly addicted on a daily basis. Domestic abuse and alcoholism are frequently associated with heavy drinking and alcohol abuse Compared to those that have partners that drink, 6 times the risk of violence Abused women frequently use drugs to deal with the pain (health Canada 1993)

Answer 18

Depends on the degree of the alcoholic Some are violent and abusive others are quiet withdrawn and sullen Enablers are those that adjust their behaviours to accommodate an alcoholic

Answer 19

Enabling can lead family members into a reciprocal relationship between the alcoholic and one or more non alcoholics who unwittingly aid and abet the alcoholics excessive drinking

Answer 20

Growing up in these families shows that they have higher antisocial behaviour, lower academic achievement and cognitive impairments and higher rates of hyperactivity

Answer 21

The (WHO) published a report in 2011 on global drinking patterns Eastern and most of Western Europe had the highest consumption rates, Americas are in the mid range and Middle Eastern countries the least since drinking is illegal 4% of the deaths world wide are associated with HIV, violence and tuberculosis -

Answer 22

Stimulant because it stimulates the central nervous system - speeds up heart beat 1 in 5 Canadians over the age of 15 smoke (17% women 23% men) Responsible for 37000 deaths per year 10 cigarettes a day reduces a life expectancy by 4 years 40 cigarettes by 8 years About 75% of the nicotine ends up in the air

Answer 23

Slower rates of physical and mental growth Carbon monoxide transmitted from the mother’s blood to the fetus interferes with the distribution of oxygen that does reach the fetus Marketing campaigns - culturally desirable attributes, such as achieving maturity, gaining wealth and happiness, being thin and sexy.

Answer 24

Ecigarette - not regulated by health canada Seen as a harm reduction method Long term inhalation of propylene glycol is not yet known

Answer 25

1/5 of Canadians use pharmaceuticals, less than 5% abuse them Narcotics - used to control pain, suppress coughing, control chronic diarrhea, and reduce heroin withdrawal symptoms There are risks of short term abuse and long term dependency

Answer 26

Results from physician supervised treatment for a recognized medical disorder is call iatrogenic addiction Most likely to occur with long term use Most often affects people from the middle and upper class

Answer 27

Us a stimulant that is prescribed for children who are diagnosed with attention deficit disorder (ADHAD) Advocates believe that children with normal to above average intelligence who are performing poorly in school can benefit from Ritalin Some commentators argue that while the diagnosis is correct that it is over perscribes - most girls are diagnosed with it

Answer 28

65% tool pain relievers, 20% took cold and flu medications, 11% tool stomach remedies - Canadians over 12 Abuse of aspirin and other analgesics can cause gastric bleeding, problems with bold clotting complications during surgery and during labour and delivery

Answer 29

A potentially life threatening condition that can arise when children with the fl, chicken pox, or other viral infections are given aspirin

Answer 30

Acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen have been linked to attempts of suicide in white females 6-17 years old Few resulted in death with the accept ion of when it was combined with drugs and alcohol

Answer 31

Dependency producing psychoactive stimulant According to a study it is an ingredient in coffee, tea, chocolate 2/3 of Canadians drink 2.8 cups of coffee per day How much it improves performance is highly debated Little impact on complex tasks such as analytical thinking and decision making

Answer 32

Matter of social and legal definitions that subject to change over time Patent medicines that sometimes contained such ingredients as opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, and alcohol could be purchased in stores through mail order In canada opium could be consumed legally until it was banned

Answer 33

Was banned after the investigation by Mackenzie King The reason for the ban was that opium smoking was a favourite pastime of the Chinese workers building railroads in Western Canada Narcotic Control was part of the department of Health Col. C.H.I. Who undertook the moral entrepreneurship criminalizing the drug did similar to the US

Answer 34

Had enforcement measures “ for the interdiction and suppression of unlawful import, export production, distribution and possession of controlled substances and for the forfeiture of any property used or intended to used in the commission of such offences and profits derived from such offences

Answer 35

Over 15 years old - 9.4% reported using these drugs | 12.4 vs 6.5 more males than females

Answer 36

Angela Paulina -Boak (1977)Grade 7-12 inclusive 2011 - alcohol and energy drinks were by far the drug used most and little difference exists between the sexes in their use.

Answer 37

THC - primary psychoactive chemical, delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinolIn low to moderate doses the drug produces mild sedation in high douses a sense of wellbeing, euphoria Heavy use can impair concentration and recall Can disrupt the development of the fetus

Answer 38

Cocaine and amphetamines are amonthe major stimulants 19th century was produces as a local anesthetic in medical practice and a mod enhancer in patent medicines Cocoa cola from the 1880s to the early 1900s Today it is the third most widely used psychoactive drug

Answer 39

The only statistically significant change noted between ecstasy, cocaine or crack and speed was a decrease in crack and cocaine of 0.9% in 2011 from 1.4% in 2004 Powerful high- “rush” increase blood pressure and respiration Reactions vary in length and intensity Occasionally results in death triggered by an irregular rhythm

Answer 40

Internal bleeding, hypertension, cardiac arrest, heart disturbance and neurological and cardiovascular disorders that others do not

Answer 41

Contaminated needles and syringes are also at risk for HIV,AIDS The risk of contracting HIV is especially high in crack houses where women addicts often engage in prostitution to acquire drugs

Answer 42

Must often be cared for at the public expense Philippe Bourgeois suggested that blame for the problem cannot be placed on the women alone Blames patriarchal family, dysfunctional public sector that regulates the responsibility for supporting and nurturing children almost exclusively to mothers- fathers and the larger society must share the burden

Answer 43

Easy users inject massive does of methamphetamine several times a day Often do runs staying awake extended periods of time eating very little and engaging in bizarre behaviour such as counting corn flakes “Crashing” for several days

Answer 44

Barbiturates - most commonly used - Eg, Valium Some may develop both a physical and psychological dependence to these depressants Sometimes heroin and barbiturates are combined in the hopes of lengthening ones high

Answer 45

Benzodiazepine known colloquially as “roofies” or as the date rapedrug Linked to aurmobile accidents Problem on university campuses , but it is used as a sleep aid in other countries

Answer 46

1% of Canadians were using the drug, but this increased to 9.4% of Canadian Mainlining or shooting - produces tingling sensation followed by a state of drowsiness Heroin users develop a tolerancee for the drug and have to increase their dosage to achieve the same high

Answer 47

Has been linked to crime more than any other drug used - they often turn to robbery prostitution, shoplifting and pimping, prostitution or working for underground drug industry

Answer 48

Mescaline (peyote), lysergic acid diet hula die (LSD), Phencyclidine (PCP) and MDMA (ecstasy produce mild to profound psychological effects depending on the dosage 1980s PCP hit the streets manufactured in clandestine labs E is a designer drug derived from aphetimines

Answer 49

Gasoline, glue, paints, cleaners

Answer 50

17.6% of drug users reported harm to themselves | A higher percentage was youth and women

Answer 51

1990s growth of the gambling industry Study showed that 36% of the population were non gamblers, 54% were non problem gamblers and 6% were at risk PGSI (problem gambling Severity Index) - *+ represents severe problem gambler 20 times as much as the average problem gambler and 21% of income

Answer 52

54% if household with incomes less than $20,000 and spent $469per year, while income $80,000 spent $566 per year. People living alone are likely to gamble more Higher percentage of men than women Those who completed post secondary are less likely to gamble 2.4 to 1.7 percent higher income had higher gambling

Answer 53

64.5% of difficulty making a pay cheque Negatively affected work relationship Negatively affected work Thoughts of suicide

Answer 54

Believe that addiction is a learned behaviour Howard Becker: concluded that drug users learn to use drugs from other drug users, but also what pleasurable reactions they should expect to have. Drug subculture: a group of people whose attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours retaining to drug use differ significantly from those of most people in the larger society.

Answer 55

Suggests that it is particularly difficult for individuals to discontinue once they have been labelled alcoholics or drug addicts because of the prevailing ideology that alcoholism and drug addiction are personal problems rather than social problems, individuals tend to be held solely responsible for their behaviour

Answer 56

Virtually no society in which nobody does drugs or gamble Drugs contribute to many rituals, including wedding and other celebrations Social institutions such a s the family, education and religion kept deviant behaviour in check and have become fragmented and somewhat disorganized

Answer 57

Social control to prohibit people from engaging in these activities External controls in the form of law enforcement are also required to discourage people from growing, manufacturing, or importing illegal substances

Answer 58

The illegal drug trade creates and perpetuates jobs at all level of the criminal justice system In the federal government, in social services agencies that deal with it On the other hand the dysfunction is the enormous costs to society. Another is the loss of human potential The economic crisis that it creates for friends, family, and aquantinces

Answer 59

Economic and political power make the sale, use, and possession of drugs abused by the poor and the powerless illegal Powerful corporate and government interests perpetuate addictions. Corporations market and sell tobacco and exact a heavy toll on the well being of addicts, their families and communities

Answer 60

Significant part of the explanation of drug abuse of women has to do with women’s vulnerability and disadvantaged position in society Vulnerability to sexual and spousal abuse, the wage gap and fewer promotional opportunities like the second shift Women use drugs to reduce stress and to nurture themselves

Answer 61

Explain the differences in dug taking are the risk taking behaviour and the willingness of women to adopt the sick role Men are socialized to take risks and women are socialized to be more cautious about their health - women are more likely to use drugs to deal with their problems

Answer 62

The federal government developed an Anti Drug strategy Prevention Action Plan: To prevent use Treatment action plan - aims to treat those with dependency Enforcement Action Plan - which aims to combat the distriution of illegal drugs

Answer 63

Primary, secondary and tertiary

Answer 64

refers to programs that seek to prevent drug problems before they begins EX. youth diversion programs Awareness campaigns, educational resources, training of service providers.

Answer 65

Seek to limit the extent of drug abuse prevent the spread of drug abuse to substances beyond those already experiences and teach strategies for the responsible use of licit drugs Eg. Inside is a safe injection site that opened in 2003 $14 million and prevent more than 1000 HIV infections and 54 cases of Hepitius C over a 10 year period.

Answer 66

Are programs that aim to ensure that people who have sought help for some form of drug abuse remain drug free Drug treatment involves the use of activities designed to eliminate physical and psychological addiction and to prevent relapse

Answer 67

Considers drug abuse and alcoholism to be medical problems that must be resolved through medical treatment by medical officials Aversion therapy or aversion therapy behavioural conditioning Cyclazocine and Nalozone are given to heroin and opioid addicts to prevent the euphoric feeling Anatabuse is the treatment of alcoholics following detox - nausea

Answer 68

Short and long term services are available both live in and at home at no charge, except for specialized services for people seeking help with addiction For substance abusers with psychological problem - treatment generally involves

Answer 69

Allow drug abusers to remain at home and continue working

Answer 70

Takes place in a hospital setting where the abuser participates in day long treatment and individual counselling sessions and returns home in the evenings.

Answer 71

Is based on the idea that drug abuse is best treated by intensive individual and group counselling in a residential setting.