Chapter 3A: Racisim and Racislization

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

a social construct, it is the classification of people based on social and political values and not as a biological fact. (Kendall, p. 45)

Question 2

Radicalized Group

Answer 2

a category of people who have been singled out, by others or themselves, as inferior or superior, on the basis of subjectively selected physical characteristics. (Kendall, p. 45)

Question 3

Racialization

Answer 3

involves the differentiation, essentialism, determinism, and evaluation of racialized groups.

Question 4

Ethnic Group

Answer 4

a category of people who are distinguished by others or themselves on the basis of cultural or national characteristics.

Question 5

Majority Group

Answer 5

is one that is advantaged and has superior access to resources and rights in society.
Can be determined by “race,” ethnicity, gender, class, disability, etc.

Question 6

Minority Group

Answer 6

is one that is disadvantaged, subjected to discrimination, and regards itself as an object of discrimination, eg. members are racialized, disabled, LGBTQ…

Question 7

White Privilege

Answer 7

privilege that accrues to people who are racialized as white, who trace their ancestry to Northern and Western Europe, and who think of themselves as European Canadians or as White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (Kendall, p. 46)

Question 8

Internalized Dominance

Answer 8

all the ways that White people learn they are normal, feel included, and do not think of themselves as “other” or “different”

Question 9

Racism

Answer 9

a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racialized group and the inferior treatment of another racialized group.
Interpersonal
Institutional: Systematic (intentional, lawful); Systemic (unintentional but discriminatory in its consequences)
Societal

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

“any restrictive act, whether deliberate or not, that has the intent of the effect of adversely affecting others on grounds other than merit or ability” (Augie Fleras, 2016)
• interpersonal and institutional forms

Question 11

Historical Roots of Racism

Answer 11

Conflict arises when dominant and subdominant groups come into contact.
A foreign power conquers a new territory by force, colonialism, trade, or acquisition.
 contradiction = belief in morality + belief in exploitation of others
Resolved through racialization  forms of racism
Belief in fundamental difference and essential inferiority justified abuse.
 genocide, assimilation, segregation (de jure and de facto), discrimination

Question 12

Canadian Research on Race and Inequalities

Answer 12

Racialized Ontarians have slightly higher participation rates than non-racialized Ontarians.
Racialized Ontarians have higher unemployment rates than non-racialized Ontarians.
The distribution of employment is gendered and racialized.
The earnings gap between racialized and non-racialized Ontarians is 16.7 percent.
Prevalence of low income for racialized Ontarians is 73% higher than for non-racialized Ontarians.

Is this data reliable?
“The National Household Survey is the only survey with large enough samples to provide sufficient detail to understand the differing experiences of different racialized groups.”
The NHS data does not meet that standard.
This is a call to return to the mandatory long-form Census (in 2016).

Question 13

Functionalism

Answer 13

How groups interact to preserve stability:
Assimilation: members of racialized and ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant culture
Anglo-conformity: pattern of assimilation in which members of racialized/ethnic groups are expected to conform to the culture of “WASPs”
Segregation: the spatial and social separation of categories of people by racialization, ethnicity, class, religion, or other characteristics
Amalgamation: cultural attributes of diverse groups are blended together to form a new society
Ethnic pluralism: co-existence of diverse racialized/ethnic groups with separate identities and cultures

Question 14

Conflict Perspective

Answer 14

Class perspective: the capitalist class benefits from a split-labour market: secure higher-paid work for dominant group members, and insecure lower-paid work for minority group members
Internal colonialism: members of a colonized racialized/ethnic group who are forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group  long-term impact
Racial formation: the state defines racialized and ethnic relations, eg. immigration policy produces these categories associated with types of workers

Question 15

Interactionism

Answer 15

Racialized socialization: social interaction reinforces messages and practices about racialized groups, eg. personal and group identity

eg. White “racial” bonding may not be racist in intent but is exclusionary in consequence. How? It draws “us-them” boundaries, eg. preferences for White neighbourhoods and public schools

Question 16

Feminism and anti-racism

Answer 16

Gendered racism: interactive effect of racism and sexism in exploiting Indigenous and visible minority women
Intersectionality signifies “the complex, irreducible, varied, and variable effects which ensue when multiple axes of differentiation—economic, political, cultural, psychic, subjective and experiential—intersect in historically specific contexts.” (Brah and Phoenix, 2004)

Question 17

Ethnic Group

Answer 17

Catagory of people who are distinguished by others or by themselves, on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics

Question 18

Ethnic Group Members Share 5 characteristics: (Fegain and Fegain)

Answer 18

Unique cultural traits, a sense of community, a feeling that ones own group is distinct, membership from birth and a tendency to occupy a distinct geographical area such a s China town.
Ethnicity is a contested issue

Question 19

Enthicity Yinger (1994) Enicity criteria:

Answer 19

Members of a group see themselves as distinct
Others must view the group as distinct
Group members participate in collective “activities that have the intent or the effect of affirming their distinctiveness.
Angie - argues that these criteria render invisible the most dominant group in Canada - problematic to render that those of the dominant group have no ethnicity

Question 20

Race

Answer 20

Social construct the classification of people based on social and political values rather than as a biological given
Because physical features such as skin colour, hair texture, or eye shape are often used to determine “race” many people believe that “race” stems from real and immutable genetic differences as opposed to subjective and arbitrary genetic differences

Question 21

Thomas Theorum

Answer 21

If a situation is real, it is real in its consequences.

Example: teenager is defined as deviant and then changes the behaviour to become deviant.