Chapter 1 Flashcards

Question

Feminism (Marxist, Libral, radical, socialist, anti racist, lesbian, cultural and so ) Lengermann and Niebrugge-Brantley (1992)

Answer 1

Classification system that categorizes various feminist theories A) theories of difference:men and women experience different realities based on different locations B) theories of inequality: women’s situations are not only different from men, but they are also less privlidged C)theories of oppression: women’s situations are different, both by patriarchal structures and by individuals reinforcing sexist socialization and ideologies.

Answer 2

Same theories of injustice based on difference Mainstream sociological theories perpetuated because of their androcentrism and eurocentricity Most feminist come from middle class white backgrounds, class, heterosexual, educated women

Answer 3

Racism and acts of discrimination affecting both the men and the women of racialist groups as the issue of importance for both men and women.

Answer 4

View the social world as a matrix of social domination where racism, sexism, heterosexist, classism and other marginalized statuses meet a myriad of ways over issues “Public and private spheres, ideologies and relations of ruling”

Answer 5

Highlight issues of dominance and power The main difference between the groups is that those without power are disproportionately targeted. Fear of violence forces women to adapt their ways in the world to ensure that they are not in a position to be victimized by men

Answer 6

Methods: Techniques for collecting data | There major types are : field research, survey research, and secondary analysis.

Answer 7

The study of social Life in its natural setting Observing or interviewing people Can take many settings ranging from school and neighbourhoods to universities and large corporations. Some kinds of behaviour can best be studies Must have good interpersonal skills so they can keep the trust of the people they want to observe or interview

Answer 8

Probably the most frequently used research method by social scientists Ask respondents a series of questions about a specific topic and record their responses (General Social Survey is done by Statistics Canada) includes questions about victimization The numerical data obtained through one survey may be compared to another group and over periods of time The use of a standard questionnaire limits the types of information researchers can obtain numerically Data can be reported numerically Survey research may be used to over represent or underrepresent the extent of a social problem.Eg. violence

Answer 9

GSS provide primary data Data can be gathered without the researcher having to interview or observe research subjects. Public records such as birth and death records, official reports of organizations or governmental agencies such as Statistics Canada and information from large databases such as the GSS This research method analyzes data already analyzed by other researchers

Answer 10

Systematic explanation of cultural artifacts or written documents to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about some aspect of social life.

Answer 11

The alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time Social change occurs over time (temporal element) Some efforts deal with short term strategies Long term efforts work to alleviate the problem. Where as others are middle term remedies.

Answer 12

Individuals operate within small groups to try to remedy the problem Social institutions, political and business leaders are unwilling, or unable to allocate the resources necessary to alleviate the problem Primary Groups_ small less-specialized gourds in which members engage in face to face emotion based interactions over an extended period of time Include ones family, close friends, peers and anyone who routinely shares their personal experience Some refer to this as the ban-Aid approach because they do not eliminate the problem

Answer 13

the academic discipline that engages in systematic study of human society and social interactions.

Answer 14

large number of individuals who share the same geographical territory and are subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

Answer 15

1) There must be public outcry 2) The conduct or condition must reflect a gap between social ideals and social reality. 3) Large number of people must be demanding a solution and defining the problem. 4) A solution must be found or something to alleviate or reduce the problem.

Answer 16

Helps us move beyond our common sense notions of the problem. (eg. why some people break the rules and others follow them are myths).

Answer 17

a sociological examination allows us to realize that things are not what they seem. most social problems are multifaceted. ives of all people are closely intertwined and that any ones nations problems are part of a larger global web of problems.

Answer 18

Sociologist strive to evaluate a social problem objectively

Answer 19

complete objectivity is impossible verstehen "understanding" or "insight" verstehen enables individuals to empathize with them enables us to develop the sociological imagination

Answer 20

is the ability to see the relationship between an individual's experience and the larger society in which they are contextualized

Answer 21

focuses on small group relations and social interaction among individuals

Answer 22

focuses social processes occurring at the societal level especially in large scale organizations and major social institutions such as politics, government, and the economy.

Answer 23

systematic analysis of a social problem such as unemployment gives up a clearer picture of the relationship between microlevel structures as the Canadian economy and the microlevel interactions among people in their homes, workplaces, and communities.

Answer 24

is a set of logically related statements that attempt to describe, explain and occasionally predict social events.

Answer 25

An overall approach or viewpoint toward some subject

Answer 26

society is sable, orderly system composed of several interrelated parts, each of which performs a function that contributes to the overall stability of society. eg. functions of the economy are producing and distributing goods

Answer 27

are intended and recognized consequences of an activity or social process eg.knowledge, skills, and cultural value

Answer 28

perform two different types of social functions: manifest and latent

Answer 29

are the unintended consequences of an activity or social process. Eg. Babysitter when you send your kids to school

Answer 30

arise when social institutions do not fulfill their functions.

Answer 31

are the undesirable consequences of an activity or social process that inhibits a society's ability to adapt or adjust

Answer 32

refers to the conditions in society that undermine the ability of traditional social institutions to govern human behaviour.

Answer 33

collective ideas about what is right and wrong, good and bad, and desirable or undesirable

Answer 34

are established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct

Answer 35

is the process by which societies are transformed from a dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.

Answer 36

the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas.

Answer 37

homicide arises as a condition of anomie in which individuals have a feeling helplessness, formlessness, or alienation. Eg. 2013 UN study of victims of homicide were involved in drug gangs and organized crime.

Answer 38

Focuses on changes in social institutions put some people at greater risk than others of being victims of violent crime

Answer 39

the patterns and timing of people's daily movements and activities as they go about obtaining necessities of life as food, shelter, companionship, and entertainment are the keys to understanding violent personal crimes and other types of crime in society. Eg. 20011 UN study found that increase of gangs and organized crime involved in the drug trade was related to high rates of homicide. people that put themselves in these situations should notify their behaviour or society provide them greater protection from attackers.

Answer 40

emphasizes shared moral values and social bonds | rapid social changes occur, moral values rode and social problems such as school violence or hate crimes occur

Answer 41

based on the assumption that groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for controller scarce resources. the degree to which society is characterized by conflict and discrimination

Answer 42

social problems are conditions that are imcompatible with group values value clashes are ordinary occurrences in families, communities, and the larger society and individuals hold many divergent values Eg. although individuals share core beliefs, they do not share all values or common culture.

Answer 43

The values and beliefs that people claim they hold | culture refers to the beliefs that they actually follow

Answer 44

it overlooks the deeper social problems of inequality and oppression based on class, radicalization and gender.

Answer 45

Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can derived through market competition and without government intervention.

Answer 46

The capitalist class (bourgeoisie) who own and control the means of production (the land tools, factories and money for investment) are at the top of the system and social stratification affords them different lifestyles and life chances from those of the members of the working class (proletariat) who must sell their labour power to capitalists.

Answer 47

ownership of the means of production is only one way. in which people gain the ability to exploit others. Two other ways: 1) Control over Property 2) Control over People's labour upper level managers gain control over societal resources and peoples time, knowledge, and skills

Answer 48

emphasize discrimination and inequality based on race or ethnicity not that many social problems are rooted in the continuing exploitation and subordination of people of colour or Indigenous people by White people potential for homicide is inherent in capitalist societies wealthy engage in one form of violence and the poor engage in another form of violence

Answer 49

``` The economic exploitation of the poor dramatically affects all aspects of the individuals life, including how the individual reacts to injustices, stress and other threatening situations Arrest and conviction data suggest that violent street crime is an intra class phenomena this perspective suggests that the criminal justice system favour middle and upper classes ```

Answer 50

Focuses on microlevel analysis of how people act towards one another and how they make sense of their daily lives the sumo interactions and groups

Answer 51

investigated the impact of industrialization and urbanization of people's values and behaviours within small social problems alienation is brought about by a decline in personal and emotional contacts How people interpret the messages they receive from others and the situations they encounter in their daily life greatly influences their behaviour and perceptions of what constitutes a social problem.

Answer 52

(Howard Becker) (1963) - perspective suggests that behaviour deviates from the established norms is deviant because it has been labelled as such b others. Deviants are successfully labelled as such by others Raises questions about why certain types of behaviour are deviant and others are not

Answer 53

the process by which people's perception of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning the they give to an experience. From that perspective little shared reality exists beyond that which people socially create - influence people's beliefs and actions Dorothy S. THOMAS - When people define situations as real, they become real in their consequences.

Answer 54

suggested that when people perceive a situation is a certain way and act accordingly to their perceptions, the end result may be a self fulfilling prophecy - a false definition of a situation that evokes a new behaviour that makes the original false conception become true.

Answer 55

explains homicide as learned behaviour not an inherent characteristic of the individual - support for this point of view is Albert Bandura - studied aggression in children - showing a person beating, kicking, and hacking a doll- the children tried to duplicate the behaviour.

Answer 56

violence results from specific interaction process, termed a situational transaction between the victim and the offender the victim does something interactional that is termed an affront by the offender. Second, the offender verifies that the action offended him personally Third, the offender decides how to respond If the situation escalates, then violence occurs Robert Nash Parker (1995) the offender or the victim can decide to pursue different courses of action.

Answer 57

requires changing those societal values that encourage excessive competition and violence socialization must transmit different values towards violence It is the individuals right to live free from violence regardless for gender, radicalized status, class, religion, or other attitudes of characteristics

Answer 58

point out that traditional mainstream sociology is both androcentric and Eurocentric based on experiences, ideas, and issues of concern for males of European and Western extraction they "gender" the issue under analysis

Answer 59

typically examine the dynamics of power in relationships between individuals, roles, structures, and so on focus on gendered power and patriachy

Answer 60

bringing ones analysis from a particular standpoint - social life is examined from the situated point of view of the individual or groups involved

Answer 61

1) Theories of difference - men and women experience different realities based on their differential locations in most situations 2) Theories of Inequality - women's situations are not only different from men, but they are also less privileged 3) Theories of Oppression - not only are they unequal, but women are actively subordinated

Answer 62

saw racism and acts of discrimination (eg. employment or housing) affecting both men and women of radicalized groups as the issue of importance. Poor feminists saw academic elitism and poverty as the issue of importance for men and women.

Answer 63

inequalities between groups can result in violence those without power are disproportionately targeted comparatively little stir over the murders of many. poor women in the downtown east side of Vancouver fear of violence forces women to adapt their ways of being in the world

Answer 64

Focus on how secondary groups and formal organizations can help individuals overcome issues such as drug addiction or domestic violence Assumptions: social problems can best be reduced by reaching one person at a time Prevention and intervention are most effective at the personal and community level Eg. Narcotics Annonymous, self help groups CON: they do not systematically address the structural factors (eg. Employment ) that may contribute to the problem. Larger societal intervention is necessary to reduce the problems that contribute to individual behaviours.

Answer 65

Organizations stated by ordinary people who work in concert to deal with a perceived problem in their neighbourhood, city, province, territory, or nation. The extent to which other people are apathetic about the problem Empower themselves

Answer 66

Organized group that acts collectively to promote or resist change through collective action Not always institutionalize and are outside the political mainstream Empower outsiders by offering them a way to have their voices heard. Eg. Pollution Probe - Canadian environmental organization Define environmental problems through research Promote understanding through education Press for practical solutions through advocacy

Answer 67

1) Issue focused:single issue, multiple issue 2) View present system of wealth Power: some demand for radical change in particular areas, others just focus on power and wealth- insist on particular social reforms 3) Beliefs about elites: want to influence elites 4) Type of political Action:don’t agree on the nature or extent of problem

Answer 68

Voluntary, often spontaneous activity of a large number of people that typically violates dominant group norms and values Eg. Public demonstrations and riots are examples of collective behaviour

Answer 69

Non violent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it. Eg. Protestors Groups engage in behaviour that they hope will achieve a political goal which some refer to as protest crowds.

Answer 70

Reform, religious, alternative, resistance, revolutionary

Answer 71

Seek to improve society by changing some specific aspect of the social structure Eg. Environmental groups or disability rights groups

Answer 72

Seek to bring about total social change in society Eg. Radical terrorists

Answer 73

Seek to rejuvenate people through inner change Linked to local and regional organizations that seek to bring about change in individual lives National religious movements often attempt to persuade political officials to enact laws.

Answer 74

Seek limited change in some aspects of people’s behaviour | Eg. New Age Movements - development of collective spiritual consciousness

Answer 75

Prevent change that has already occurred Public debates over social policies, most social movements advocating change face resistance from reactive movements which hold opposing viewpoints - social policy to reflect their views and beliefs Ex. Opposing same sex marriage

Answer 76

1) upholding the rights of citizens 2) protecting the common good 3) promoting the development of sustainable communities 4) sovereignty over democratic elections 5) ensuring effective citizen participation in development of trade and investment policies