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AP Bio > Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of muscle fiber?

A

Slow Twitch & Fast Twitch

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2
Q

Slow Twitch

A

Sustain repeated contractions
For endurance
Not meant for power
Great for long distance running

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3
Q

Fast Twitch

A

Contract quicker than slow fiber
Fatigue easily
Meant for power
Great for short distance running

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4
Q

What are the key pathways of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Kerb/Citric Acid Cycle, oxidative phosphorylation,

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5
Q

Fermentation

A

A catabolic process that partial degrades sugar (carbs) w/out oxygen

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6
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Oxygen is consumed as along w/ the organic fuel

Oxygen is needed to gain energy from food molecules

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7
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Oxygen is not used as a reactant in the reaction

Inorganic

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8
Q

Cellular respiration

A

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from glucose

C6H12O6 +6O2–> 6CO2 + 6H2O+ Energy (ATP + Heat)

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9
Q

Redox Reaction

A

A transfer of one or more electron from one reactant to another

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10
Q

Oxidation

A

The loss of electrons from one substance

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11
Q

Reduction

A

The addition of electrons to another substance

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12
Q

Reducing Agent

A

The electron donor

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13
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

The electron acceptor

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14
Q

In cellular respiration, what is getting oxidized?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

In cellular respiration what is being reduced?

A

Oxygen

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16
Q

Where does the hydrogens from glucose go to?

A

Oxygen

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17
Q

Why does cellular respiration doesn’t oxidize all of glucose at once?

A

Because the cell wouldn’t be able to harness all the energy that is released all at once efficiently.

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18
Q

After electrons are stripped from glucose, where are the electrons 1st transferred to?

A

NAD+

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19
Q

What is NAD+

A

A coenzyme that is an electron carrier acts as an oxidizing agent during respiration

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20
Q

How does NAD+ trap electrons from glucose

A

Dehydrogenase enzyme remove a pair of enzymes from substrate thereby oxidizing it. The enzyme delivers the 2 electrons and 1 proton to the coenzyme NAD+

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21
Q

What does NAD+ become?

A

NADH

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22
Q

Why is NADH neutral?

A

1 proton 2 electron

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23
Q

What do NADH represent

A

Stored energy

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24
Q

How can NADH be tapped to make ATP?

A

When the electrons complete their fall down the energy gradient from the NADH to oxygen

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25
Q

How do electrons extracted from glucose and then stored as potential energy in NADH finally reach oxygen?

A

There is a release of energy (exergonic reaction)as the electrons from the hydrogens fall towards the electronegative oxygen “bottom” lower energy end of electron chain

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26
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Breaks the fall of the electron to the oxygen into several energy releasing steps occurs in the mitochondria membrane

Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are passed to O2

Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes(each w/ iron atom) to O2

Generates no ATP

Purpose is to maintain manageable amounts of energy release

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27
Q

Crista

A

A fold in the inner mitochondria membrane

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28
Q

Where do the NADH & FADH2 shuttle the electrons to

A

The “top” higher energy end of the electron transport chain

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29
Q

What carry’s the electrons to the oxygen?

A

Series of electron carriers that are more electronegative downhill than the uphill carrier so that it’s capable of oxidizing the other carrier, series of redox reactions

30
Q

What are the parts of the oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron transport and Chemoisis

31
Q

Glycolysis

A

Occurs in the cytsol/cytoplasm , begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two compounds called pyruvate

“Sugar splitting”

Glucose is split into two 3-carbon sugars, oxidized and then rearranged to make pyruvate.

In cytoplasm, no oxygen needed

32
Q

Citric Acid Cycle /Kerb Cycle

A

In mitochondria, completes the breakdown of the glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

Needs oxygen

33
Q

What happens to on the energy released at each stage of the electron transport?

A

The energy gets stored in a form that the mitochondrion can use to make ATP

The small amounts of energy is utilized to build a concentration gradient of H+ ions across the membrane

34
Q

What % of ATP does the oxidative phosphorylation account for in respiration?

A

Almost 90%

35
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

The smaller amount of ATP formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and kerb cycle

When an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from substrate molecule to ADP

Directly for Direct Use

1 second supply

36
Q

What are the 2 phases of glycolysis

A

Energy investment and energy payoff

37
Q

Energy investment phase

A

Cell spends ATP

38
Q

Energy Payoff

A

Energy spend during investment is repaid w/ interest

39
Q

What is the net energy yielded from glycolysis per glucose molecule?

A

2 ATP + 2 NADH

40
Q

Step 1 of Glycolysis

A

Hexokinase enzyme phosphorylated glucose, this transfers a phosphate group from ATP to sugar

ATP—> ADP

41
Q

Step 2 of Glycolysis

A

Glucose-6 phosphate is converted to its isomer fructose-6 phosphate

42
Q

Step 3 of Glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to the sugar (2 total ATP been used). W/ phosphate groups on opposite ends, sugar is now ready to split

43
Q

Step 4 of Glycolysis

A

Adolase, enzyme cleaves the sugar molecule into 2 dif. 3 carbon sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate. Sugars are isomers to each other

44
Q

Step 5 of Glycolysis

A

Isomerase catalyzes the reversible conversion b/tw 2 3 carbon sugars. This reaction never reach equilibrium b/c next enzyme only uses glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate

45
Q

Step 6 of Glycolysis

A
46
Q

Step 7 of Glycolysis

A
47
Q

Step 8 of Glycolysis

A
48
Q

Step 9 of Glycolysis

A
49
Q

Step 10 of Glycolysis

A
50
Q

Myoglobin

A

Red protein found in mitochondria

Carrier of Oxygen

Muscle cells appear dark when there is a lot of it in the muscle

Muscle cells w/ myoglobin appear lighter in color

51
Q

Dark Meat

A

High in Myoglobin

Carry large amounts of oxygen

Less susceptible to fatigue

Found in wing, leg, thigh muscles of turkeys

52
Q

White Meat

A

Low amount of myoglobin

Carry small amounts of oxygen

Highly susceptible to fatigue and cramping

Found in thigh muscle of turkey

53
Q

How efficient is aerobic respiration?

A

40%

54
Q

How efficient is anaerobic respiration?

A

2%

55
Q

How many ATP does it take to power 1 muscle cell/sec

A

It takes 10,000 ATP per seconds

56
Q

Oxidation Phosphoryation

A

The cells store potential energy in a form of a gradient and releases it all at once to create ATP

In mitochondria, generates ATP, needs oxygen

57
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The cell stores potential energy in concentration gradient across the a membrane & uses it to make energy in ATP.

Performed in mitochondria, across the cristae membrane.

The energy in the concentration gradient is used to power the ATP synthesis

58
Q

Why isn’t there a large explosion in cellular respiration?

A

The hydrogen that reacts with oxygen is derived from organic molecules not H2, ETC uses many small redox reactions reducing the amount of energy

59
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

Allosteric enzyme can be inhibited and activated

60
Q

How many of the original 6 carbons from glucose are left

A

6

61
Q

What occurs at the beginning of Kerb’s Cycle

A

The 3 carbon pyruvate is converted into 2 carbon acetyl coenzyme A

NADH is made for each pyruvate invested (2 total)

CO2 is made from each pyruvate invested (2 total)

62
Q

How many of the original 6 carbons from glucose is left? After Kerb cycle

A

4, 2 carbons are lost as CO2 in intermediate step

63
Q

What do you need in total of the Kerb’s Cycle?

A

2 Acetyl CoA, 6NAD+, 2FAD, 2ADP +P

64
Q

What to gain in total after the Kreb Cycle?

A

4CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP

65
Q

How many of the original 6 carbons from the glucose are left after the kreb cycle?

A

0

66
Q

After Glycolysis and Kerb Cycle, How many ATPs are made?

A

4 net

67
Q

Where is most of the energy from glucose is now?

A

In NADH, FADH2

68
Q

How much ATP does NADH make ?

A

About 3

69
Q

How much ATP does FADH make

A

2 ATP

70
Q

After glycolysis, kerb cycle, chemoisis, how many ATP will there be?

A

38 under ideal conditions, 36 at the lowest

71
Q

What are the types of fermentations?

A

Yeast: produce ethyl alcohol & CO2.
Can be added to grapes to make wine.

Animal and Bacteria: produce lactic acid and CO2
Can be added to milk to make cheese

AP Bio (19 decks)

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