Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Bio > Chapter 17: Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Protein Synthesis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

“One Gene, One Enzyme”

A

Archibald Garrod in 1909 suggests that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes

1940: Beadle & Tatums - grew strains of mold that were unable to grow in a certain medium. They lacked enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Central Dogma

A

Flow of genetic information in cell

(replication)DNA-transcription-> RNA-translation->protein–>trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What has metabolisms taught us about genes

A

inheritance of metabolic diseases
- suggested that genes coded for enzymes
- each disease (phenotype) is caused by non-functional gene product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Transcription

A

DNA nucleic acid language to RNA nucleic acid language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RNA

A

ribose sugar
N-bases
- U:A
- G:C
single stranded
lots of different types of RNA
-tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Transcription

A

Making mRNA, the synthesis of complementary RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Template Strand

A

transcribed DNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Coding Strand

A

untranscribed DNA strand(same squence as RNA except the T is now a U in RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the enzyme that creates the mRNA

A

RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many RNA polymerase enzymes are there?

A

3, each with their own specific promoter sequence it recognizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

RNA polymerase I

A

only transcribes rRNA genes
makes ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

transcribe genes into mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RNA polymerase III

A

only transcribes tRNA genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are eukaryotic genes continuous?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Exons

A

the real gene
-expressed/coding DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Introns

A

the junk
-in between sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mRNA splicing

A

eukaryotic mRNA needs work after transcription. Edit out introns to make a mature mRNA transcript

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Primary Transcript

A

pre- mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens if there is a mistake in splicing?

A

a single base added or lost throws off the reading frame, which can then create a different protein than wanted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

snRNPs

A

small nuclear RNA, proteins

21
Q

Spliceosome

A

several snRNPs, recognize splice site sequence
- cut & paste gene

22
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

Alternative mRNAs produced from same gene
-when is an intron not an intron
-different segments treated as exons

23
Q

What’s the purpose of exons & introns?

A

One gene van code for different proteins
-depending on which sections of the mRNA template are considered exons during processing.
-explains why humans have a low number of genes for such complex organisms

24
Q

How is the mRNA protected on its trip from nucleus to cytoplasm?

A

Enzymes in the cytoplasm attack mRNA
-protect the ends of the molecule by adding the 5’GTP cap and poly-A tail
-the longer the tail, mRNA lasts longer:produce more proteins

25
Q

Translation

A

nucleic acid language to amino acid language

26
Q

How does mRNA codes for proteins?

A

It codes for proteins in triplets

27
Q

Codon System

A

3 letter codon system

28
Q

Nirenberg & Khorana

A

determined mRNA-amino acid match

added fabricated mRNA to test tube of ribsomes, tRNA & amino acids
-created artifical UUUU mRNA
-found that UUU coded for phenylalanie

29
Q

The Chart is filled with the code…

A

Code for all life
- strongest support for a common origin for all life

Code is redundant
-several condons for each amino acid
-3rd base wobble

30
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG, methionine

31
Q

Stop codons

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

32
Q

What type of codon does tRNA have?

A

Anti-codon

33
Q

Where is the genetic code found?

A

The genetic code is nearly universal and found in all organisms

34
Q

Where does the universality of the genetic code split between organisms?

A

In the translation system

35
Q

What does the near universality of the genetic code say about the history of life?

A

That it has been operating very early in the history of life.

36
Q

“Clover Leaf” structure

A

-anticodon on “clover leaf” end
-amino acid attached on 3’ end

37
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

A

enzyme which bonds amino acid to tRNA
-bond requires energy
-ATP–>AMP
- bond is unstable
- so it can release amino acid at ribosome easily

38
Q

How are ribosomes involved in the DNA replication process?

A

It facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon

Structure
- ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & proteins
- 2 subunits
- large
- small

39
Q

How many sites are in a ribosomes ?

A

3
A site
P site
E site

40
Q

A site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)

A

holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain

41
Q

P site (peptidyl-tRNA site)

A

holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

42
Q

E site (exit site)

A

empty tRNA leaves from exit site

43
Q

What are the steps to building a polypeptide?

A

Initiation
- brings together mRNA, ribosome sub-units, initiator tRNA

Elongation
-adding amino acids based on condon sequence

Termination
- end codon

44
Q

Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes

A

DNA in cytoplasm

circular chromosome

naked DNA

no introns

45
Q

Protein Synthesis in Eukaryote Genes

A

DNA in nucleus
linear chromosomes
DNA wound on histone proteins
introns vs. exons

46
Q

Translation in Prokaryotes

A

Transcription & translation are simultaneous in bacteria

-DNA is in cytoplasm
-no mRNA editing
-ribosomes read mRNA as it is being transcribed

47
Q

Difference b/tw prokaryotes & eukaryotes

A

time & physical separation b/tw processes
- takes eukaryote ~ 1 hour from DNA to protein

  • no RNA processing in prokaryotes
48
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus

49
Q

Point mutations

A

chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

the change of a single nucleotide in a DNA temple strand can lead to the production of an abnormal protein

AP Bio (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions