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AP Bio > Chapter 11: Cell Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell-to-Cell Communication is essential for what organisms?

A

Multicellular Organisms

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2
Q

Cell Response

A

The combined effects of multiple signals

Each cell is programmed to respond to specific combos of extra cellular signal molecules

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3
Q

How do cells in multicellular organisms communicate?

A

Through chemical messengers

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4
Q

Cell junctions

A

Direct connection of the cytoplasm to the adjacent cells to exchange materials

No plasma membrane restrictions

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5
Q

What are the ways animal cells do local signaling?

A

Direct contact (cell junction) and cell-cell recognition

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6
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Type of local signaling

Local regulator diffuses through extracellular fluid.

The secreting cell secretes vesicles to target cell

Allows cells to communicate w/each other by releasing signaling molecules that binds to and activate surrounding cells

Messenger molecules released by cell travels short distances and carry a message to neighboring cells.

Growth factor is released in this manner

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7
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

Type of local signaling, electrical signals along a nerve triggers the secretion of a chemical signal carried by neurotransmitter molecules to stimulate the target cell

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8
Q

Hormonal Signaling

A

Long distance signaling, hormones ,secretes by specialized endocrine cells ,travels in bloodstream to target cells

Nerve cells may use long distance signaling

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9
Q

Signal Transduction

A

The process by which a signal received on the cell surface is converted into a specific cellular response

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10
Q

Signal Transduction Pathways

A

A series of steps by which a signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specific cellular response

Converts signals on the cell’s surface into cellular responses

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11
Q

How do Yeast mate?

A

There are 2 “sexes” of yeast (a &a)

(a )secretes a signaling molecules that binds to receptors on (a). The reverse is true of (a) cell

Signals cause cells to grow together.. produces one cell with combined genetics

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12
Q

What type of pheromones are people attracted to?

A

People whose pheromones are very different from our own. So baby can have the best immune system possible

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13
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

Control growth rate

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14
Q

Coordinate Activities

A

If nutrients are low, soil dwellers aggregate and produce biofilms

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15
Q

Cell to Cell Recognition

A

2 cells communicate by recognizing signal molecules of cell surfaces

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16
Q

What are the 3 stages of Signaling

A

Stage 1: Reception
Stage 2: Transduction
Stage 3: Response

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17
Q

Reception

A

The signal molecules binds to a receptor protein which causes it to change shape

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18
Q

Ligand

A

The signal molecule that binds to another molecule

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19
Q

What does the ligand do to receptor proteins?

A

change it shape( conformational change) —Activation

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20
Q

What happens during transduction?

A

Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway

21
Q

How many types of receptors are there?

A

2

22
Q

What are the types of receptors?

A

Intracellular Receptors & Plasma Membrane Receptors

23
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

Found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell ( inside the cell)

Signal pass through cell membrane to activate receptor

Signal must be small and non-polar

Ex: Steroid hormones ( cholesterol based) Thyroid hormones ( Tyrosine based)

24
Q

Plasma Membrane Receptors

A

Found in the plasma membrane ( exterior of cell)

Signal doesn’t have to pass through the membrane; receptors proteins changes shape or join together to transmit info

Signals can be water-soluble

Ex: G-protein-linked receptors, receptor tyrosine kinase and ion channel receptors

25
Q

What is the process of Intracellular receptors

A

The signal attaches to the receptor proteins

The protein then goes into the nucleus and makes a copy of the DNA needed. mRNA

The mRNA then gets out of the nucleus to make new protein

26
Q

What are the signals used for Intracellular receptors?

A

Hormones

27
Q

What are the receptors of the membrane

A

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Enzyme Receptor (Tyrosine Kinases)

Ion Channel Receptors

28
Q

What is a G Protien-coupled receptor?

A

Plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G- Protein

29
Q

What does the G protein act as?

A

As an on/off switch, if the GDP is bound to the G-Protein, the G protein is inactive, if the GTP is bound to the G protein, it becomes active.

30
Q

What are the G protein receptors used for l?

A

About 800 genes use these, over 400 are olfactory genes( nose)

31
Q

What happens at the Receptor tyrosine kinase?

A

An enzymes( signal molecules) gets in the binding site. After the binding sites shift towards each other ( Dimer).

6 ATPs then proceeds to activate the receptors( 3 phosphate are given to each Tyrosine)

This then activates the relay proteins

32
Q

What does RTK’s Trigger ?

A

This response triggers cell growth and cell differentiation

They always occur in pairs so that cross phosphorylation can occur in the dimer.

This binding activates enzyme activities

33
Q

Ligand- Gated Ion Channel Receptor

A

Acts as a gate when the receptor changes shape the gate allows specific ions, such as Na+_ , through a channel in the receptor

Used a lot in the nervous system

Sometimes controlled by electrical signals rather than ligands

34
Q

Transduction

A

A multiple step process which occurs when receptor receives signal

More steps -> greater responses

Many genetic disorders are seen where “steps” are missed

35
Q

Retts Syndrome

A

MECP2 - gene that codes for MECP2 protein needed for brain development. The protein acts as a biochemical switch

If the MECP2 genes is mutated, the MECP2 protein will be mutated and genes will not be controlled properly

36
Q

Phosphorylation

A

A process of the protein kinase transferring phosphates from ATP to protein

There may be several proteins kinases in b/tw to activate the protein

37
Q

Protein kinase

A

An enzyme that transfers phosphate from ATP to protein

38
Q

Cellular Response

A

Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities

39
Q

How may the cell response regulate protein synthesis?

A

By turning a gene on or off … can lead to the “extra” protein features w/ added exposure of hormone

40
Q

How May the cell response regulate the activity of a protein?

A

Opening or closing protein channels used for transport

Affecting activity of enzyme with inhibitors

41
Q

Progesterone

A

Triggers the female cells to prepare the inner lining of the uterus for Possible embryo & inhibit the contraction of the uterus

Not fertilized, progesterone levels drop and the endometrium level begin to breakdown… the cell within are programmed for apoptosis

42
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell signaling for cell suicide

43
Q

What cells are given the orders for apoptosis

A

Damaged, old or infected to prevent enzyme leakages to other “healthy” cells

44
Q

Cytochrome C

A

A protein in ETC can also function as a cell death factor

Mitochondria is induced to “leak” cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. The cell recognizes the leak and release Cassandra which order cell suicide

45
Q

Who often send the cell death signals ?

A

It’s often the nucleus that send the signal, cell recognizing errors in the DNA beyond repair.

46
Q

What does P53 do ?

A

It orders the cell to commit suicide if DNA is damaged beyond repair.

This is detected at G1 checkpoint

47
Q

How is P53 used medically?

A

Cancer treatment, considered to be the tumor depressor gene

48
Q

How is Apoptosis used developmentally ?

A

Used to eliminate “ extra” cell growth during embryo stage

AP Bio (19 decks)

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