Chapter 5 Carbs, Lipids, Protein Flashcards
Monomers
The smaller subunits that serve as building blocks
Polymers
The long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks (starch)
Dehydration Synthesis
Removal of water to form polymers
Hydrolysis
Addition of water to break up a polymer
What do carbs do for the body?
They are an important energy source for cells
Monosaccharides
Monomers for sugars (same number of C & O, double H)
Disaccharides
2 sugars linked by glycosidic covalent bond (Lactose, Sucrose)
Polysaccharide
many sugars (100’s-1000’s) linked by glycosidic bonds
What are the types of glycosidic bonds?
Alpha & Beta
What are glycosidic bonds?
They are covalent and polar bonds that occur between sugars
Where can glycosidic bonds form?
B/tw any two hydroxyl groups
How do plants store sugar?
As starch
What is starch?
A Storage polysaccharide in plants
What are starches composed of ?
a-glucose monomers
What is glyogen?
A Storage polysaccharide for animals
How do animals store sugar
as glycogen
What is glycogen?
A Storage polysaccharide for animals
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver and muscle cells
How can glycogen be used for energy?
By breaking it down to glucose monomers
When is glycogen released?
When there is low-blood sugar
What is glycogen made of
a-glucose
What is cellulose?
A structural polysaccharide in plants
What does cellulose do for plants?
forms a protective layer around plant cells called cell wall
How can herbivores digest cellulose?
having a symbiotic relationship w/ microbes & bacteria in digestive system
What is cellulose composed of ?
B-glucose
What is chitins?
Structural polysaccharides in Fungi and Animals
Where is chitins located?
Cells Walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects & crustaceans
What are lipids?
large macromolecules that don’t form true polymers & hydrophobic
What are the 4 types of lipids
Phosholipids, fats , steriods, waxes
What are the types of fats
Saturated, Unsaturated, and Trans Fat
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats
Unsaturated fat has a double C bond
What does the double C bond do to unsaturated fats
It gives it more space/energy, so it becomes liquid at room temp. instead of solid like saturated
What is the basic structure of a fat
1 glycerol, 3 carboxly groups, and 3 fatty acids
How do the glycerol and fatty acid connect
Dehydration synthesis
Are most animal fats saturated or unsaturated ?
Saturated
Are plant and fish fats usually saturated or unsaturated ?
Unsaturated
What are trans fats?
hydrogenated unsaturated fat, converted from original
What are made up of phospholipids?
Cell Membrane
Amphipathic
having both polar and nonpolar parts
What parts of phospholipids are polar & nonpolar
Tail: Nonpolar
End: Polar
What parts of phospholipids are polar & nonpolar
Tail: Nonpolar
End: Polar
How are steroids characterized?
a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 carbon rings, 3 rings & house
How is cholesterol an important steroid?
it a big component in animal cell membranes
What do waxes do?
Waxes are lipids that prevent water loss in fruit & provides a protective barrier for organisims
List the types of proteins
enzymes, trasports, storage, contractile, protection/defense, hormones, structural, and toxins
What are proteins?
polymers of amino acid monomers
what is the purpose of a protein?
To break down starch bonds to get the energy starch provides
How many amino acids are there
20
How are amino acids connected?
peptide bonds
What do amino acids consists of ?
A centralized C, and R-group, Carboxyl group, and Amino group
Types of protein shapes
linear, “saddle, donut, and globular shape
Denaturation
loss of 3D shape
Levels of Proteins
Primary: unique sequence of amino acid due to genetic info
Secondary: result H-bonding within chain, Coils & Folds, Alpha Helix & Pleated Shets due to H-bonding
Tertiary: the overall shape of a protein
Quartenary: the overall protein structure resulting from connectiond w/ several protein units
What can cause denaturation?
Change in pH & Temp.
