Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
- striated
- involuntary
2
Q
what junction make up cardiac muscle
A
intercalculated disc
- gap junctions
- desmosomes
3
Q
cardiac muscle location
A
heart only
4
Q
function of cardiac muscle
A
pumps blood out of the heart to the rest of the body
5
Q
mechanism of contraction for cardiac muscle
A
sliding filament
6
Q
innervation of cardiac muscle
A
autonomic nervous system
7
Q
cardiac muscle innitation of contraction
A
myogenic (pacemaker potential)
8
Q
role of the nervous system in contraction
A
modifies contraction
9
Q
presences of troponin and tropmyosin in cardiac muscle
A
both
10
Q
presence of SR
A
yes
well developed
11
Q
presences of T-tubules
A
yes
12
Q
where does cardiac muscle get its calcium
A
ECF and SR
13
Q
regulation of calcium
A
troponin in the thin filaments
14
Q
presences of gap junction
A
yes
15
Q
speed of contraction
A
slow
16
Q
presence of muscle tone
A
no
17
Q
color of cardiac muscle
A
red color
- high oxegen presence
18
Q
does cardiac muscle contain z lines
A
yes
19
Q
mitochondria in cardiac muscle
A
abundance of mitochondria
20
Q
ECG
A
- non invasive, realivly fast procedure
- measures the sum of action potential
- provides an indirect reading of hearts activity
21
Q
p wave
A
atria depolarizing
22
Q
pr segment
A
av nodal delay
23
Q
QRS complex
A
ventricular depolarization / artrial repolarization
24
Q
ST segment
A
ventricular blood ejection
25
TP interval
ventrical relax/ fill
25
T wave
ventricular repolarization
26
tachycardia
over 100BPM
27
Bradicardia
under 100BPM
28
purpose of valves
- linear flow of blood
- ensure blood flow is unidirectional
29
Right AV Valve
tricuspid
30
Left AV valve
- bicuspid
- mitral
31
semilunar valves
- govern the exit of blood
- include the pulmaonary and aortic valves
32
3 layers of the heart wall
- edothelium/endocardium
- myocardium
- epicardium
33
Endothelium/Endocardium
thin inner layer
34
Myocardium
thickest layer; heart muscle
35
Epicardium
thin external layer
36
Fibrous Pericardium
tough outer sac
37
infection of the pericardium
pericarnitous
38
autorythmic cells
1%
- initiate action potentials and pace
39
Contractile cells
99%
- do mechanical work of pumping
- do not initiate action potentals
40
Sinoatrial node
"normal pacemarker"
- 70-80 action potential per minute
41
Artrial ventricular node
- "latent pacemarker"
- 40-60 beats per minute
42
Bundle of His
made up of pukinji fibers
43
pukinji fibers
- "latent pacemarker"
- 20-40 BPM
44
review action potential in cardiac and muscle cell
45
artrial fibrilation
- rapid, irregular artrial depolarization
- no definative P wave
- QRS complex spiratic
46
Ventricle Fibrilation
- uncoordinated, chaotic contractions
- "clear" res SA node
- Danger: no blood flow to the brain --> systems start to fail
47
heart block
- defects in the conducting system
Three types:
- 2:1
-3:1
- complete block
48
diastole
relaxing ? filling
49
systole
- contraction/ ejection
50
ventricular distole
AV valves open
- filling 80%
- blood flows into the ventricles
51
artial contration
P waves
20% filling
- volume increases in the ventricles
52
Isovolumeric ventricular contraction
- Av valves close
- stable volume:135
53
ventricular ejection
- end systolic volume: 65 ml
54
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
- relaxed
55
lub
- low pitch
- longer
- softer sound
- end of ventricular diastole
- closing of the AV valves
56
Dub
- higher pitch
- shorter
- sharp sound
- end of ventricular systole
- closure of semilunar valves
57
Sternotic murmer
- - a stiff, narrowed valve
- does not completely open: causing turbulance
- "whistle sound"
58
rheumatic Fever
- caused by strptococcus patogen (bacteria)
- infectcts mitral valve
- heart failure
59
Insufficent / incomplete heart murmer
- leaky vavle: valve does not close properly
- valve does not fill properly
- causes blood to flow backwards
- creates turbulance
- defined by "swish sound"
60
systolic murmer
lub-murmer- dub
61
lub-wistle-dub
systolic sternoic murmer
62
lub-swish- dub
systolic insufficent murmer
63
diastolic murmer
lub-dub-murmer
64
lub-dub-swish
diastolic insufficent murmer
65
lub-dub-whistle
diastolic sternotic murmer
66
cardiac volume formula
heart rate x stroke volume= cardiac output
67
Stroke volume
- volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute
67
Stroke colume formula
SV= EDV-ESV
68
EDV
end diastilic volume
- 135
69
ESV
end systolic volume
- 65
70
parasympathetic innervation of the heart is achieved by which nerve
vagus nerve (CN10)
71
vagus nerve stiumuation causes the release of
ACh
72
Parasympathetic innervation of the SA node
- increases cells permubility to calcium: hyerpolarizes
- reduces the I funny current
73
Parasympathetic effect on the AV node
increases AV nodal delay
74
Paraympatheitc effect on the ventricles
no effect
75
Parasymaptetic effect on the atria
weekend contraction
76
Parasympaetic effect on cardiac output
decreases cardiac output
77
sympathetic innervation of the heart is achieved by which nerve
thoracolumbar branch
78
the thoracolumbar branch casues the release of
epinephrine and noreepinephrine
79
epinephrine and nore epinephrine binf to
b1 receptor
80
ACh bind to ... receptor
muscranic
81
binding of ACh to muscranic receptod causes the ... of cAMP
decrease
82
binding of epinephrine and norepineprine to the adrogenic b1 receptor cause the ... of cAMP
increase
83
sympathetic effect of on the AV node
increases activity
84
sypatheic effect on AV nodal delay
decreases AV nodal delay
85
Symaptheic effect on the artia
increase contraction
86
sympatheitc effect on the ventricle
increase contraction
87
sympathetic innervation of the hear .. cardiac output
increases
88
coronary vessels
- recieves blood during diastole
89
coronary artery disease
- pathological changes within an artery that dimish the blooflow through the vessel
- can cause micoardial ischemia
90
vascular spasms
- reversable - latent activating factor (brings less o2)
91
