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HLSC120: Physiology > Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • striated
  • involuntary
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2
Q

what junction make up cardiac muscle

A

intercalculated disc
- gap junctions
- desmosomes

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3
Q

cardiac muscle location

A

heart only

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4
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A

pumps blood out of the heart to the rest of the body

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5
Q

mechanism of contraction for cardiac muscle

A

sliding filament

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6
Q

innervation of cardiac muscle

A

autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

cardiac muscle innitation of contraction

A

myogenic (pacemaker potential)

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8
Q

role of the nervous system in contraction

A

modifies contraction

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9
Q

presences of troponin and tropmyosin in cardiac muscle

A

both

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10
Q

presence of SR

A

yes
well developed

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11
Q

presences of T-tubules

A

yes

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12
Q

where does cardiac muscle get its calcium

A

ECF and SR

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13
Q

regulation of calcium

A

troponin in the thin filaments

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14
Q

presences of gap junction

A

yes

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15
Q

speed of contraction

A

slow

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16
Q

presence of muscle tone

A

no

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17
Q

color of cardiac muscle

A

red color
- high oxegen presence

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18
Q

does cardiac muscle contain z lines

A

yes

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19
Q

mitochondria in cardiac muscle

A

abundance of mitochondria

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20
Q

ECG

A
  • non invasive, realivly fast procedure
  • measures the sum of action potential
  • provides an indirect reading of hearts activity
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21
Q

p wave

A

atria depolarizing

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22
Q

pr segment

A

av nodal delay

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23
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization / artrial repolarization

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24
Q

ST segment

A

ventricular blood ejection

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25
Q

TP interval

A

ventrical relax/ fill

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25
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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26
Q

tachycardia

A

over 100BPM

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27
Q

Bradicardia

A

under 100BPM

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28
Q

purpose of valves

A
  • linear flow of blood
  • ensure blood flow is unidirectional
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29
Q

Right AV Valve

A

tricuspid

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30
Q

Left AV valve

A
  • bicuspid
  • mitral
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31
Q

semilunar valves

A
  • govern the exit of blood
  • include the pulmaonary and aortic valves
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32
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A
  • edothelium/endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
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33
Q

Endothelium/Endocardium

A

thin inner layer

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34
Q

Myocardium

A

thickest layer; heart muscle

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35
Q

Epicardium

A

thin external layer

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36
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

tough outer sac

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37
Q

infection of the pericardium

A

pericarnitous

38
Q

autorythmic cells

A

1%
- initiate action potentials and pace

39
Q

Contractile cells

A

99%
- do mechanical work of pumping
- do not initiate action potentals

40
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

“normal pacemarker”
- 70-80 action potential per minute

41
Q

Artrial ventricular node

A
  • “latent pacemarker”
  • 40-60 beats per minute
42
Q

Bundle of His

A

made up of pukinji fibers

43
Q

pukinji fibers

A
  • “latent pacemarker”
  • 20-40 BPM
44
Q

review action potential in cardiac and muscle cell

A
45
Q

artrial fibrilation

A
  • rapid, irregular artrial depolarization
  • no definative P wave
  • QRS complex spiratic
46
Q

Ventricle Fibrilation

A
  • uncoordinated, chaotic contractions
  • “clear” res SA node
  • Danger: no blood flow to the brain –> systems start to fail
47
Q

heart block

A
  • defects in the conducting system
    Three types:
  • 2:1
    -3:1
  • complete block
48
Q

diastole

A

relaxing ? filling

49
Q

systole

A
  • contraction/ ejection
50
Q

ventricular distole

A

AV valves open
- filling 80%
- blood flows into the ventricles

51
Q

artial contration

A

P waves
20% filling
- volume increases in the ventricles

52
Q

Isovolumeric ventricular contraction

A
  • Av valves close
  • stable volume:135
53
Q

ventricular ejection

A
  • end systolic volume: 65 ml
54
Q

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

A
  • relaxed
55
Q

lub

A
  • low pitch
  • longer
  • softer sound
  • end of ventricular diastole
  • closing of the AV valves
56
Q

Dub

A
  • higher pitch
  • shorter
  • sharp sound
  • end of ventricular systole
  • closure of semilunar valves
57
Q

Sternotic murmer

A
    • a stiff, narrowed valve
  • does not completely open: causing turbulance
  • “whistle sound”
58
Q

rheumatic Fever

A
  • caused by strptococcus patogen (bacteria)
  • infectcts mitral valve
  • heart failure
59
Q

Insufficent / incomplete heart murmer

A
  • leaky vavle: valve does not close properly
  • valve does not fill properly
  • causes blood to flow backwards
  • creates turbulance
  • defined by “swish sound”
60
Q

systolic murmer

A

lub-murmer- dub

61
Q

lub-wistle-dub

A

systolic sternoic murmer

62
Q

lub-swish- dub

A

systolic insufficent murmer

63
Q

diastolic murmer

A

lub-dub-murmer

64
Q

lub-dub-swish

A

diastolic insufficent murmer

65
Q

lub-dub-whistle

A

diastolic sternotic murmer

66
Q

cardiac volume formula

A

heart rate x stroke volume= cardiac output

67
Q

Stroke volume

A
  • volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute
67
Q

Stroke colume formula

A

SV= EDV-ESV

68
Q

EDV

A

end diastilic volume
- 135

69
Q

ESV

A

end systolic volume
- 65

70
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the heart is achieved by which nerve

A

vagus nerve (CN10)

71
Q

vagus nerve stiumuation causes the release of

A

ACh

72
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the SA node

A
  • increases cells permubility to calcium: hyerpolarizes
  • reduces the I funny current
73
Q

Parasympathetic effect on the AV node

A

increases AV nodal delay

74
Q

Paraympatheitc effect on the ventricles

A

no effect

75
Q

Parasymaptetic effect on the atria

A

weekend contraction

76
Q

Parasympaetic effect on cardiac output

A

decreases cardiac output

77
Q

sympathetic innervation of the heart is achieved by which nerve

A

thoracolumbar branch

78
Q

the thoracolumbar branch casues the release of

A

epinephrine and noreepinephrine

79
Q

epinephrine and nore epinephrine binf to

A

b1 receptor

80
Q

ACh bind to … receptor

A

muscranic

81
Q

binding of ACh to muscranic receptod causes the … of cAMP

A

decrease

82
Q

binding of epinephrine and norepineprine to the adrogenic b1 receptor cause the … of cAMP

A

increase

83
Q

sympathetic effect of on the AV node

A

increases activity

84
Q

sypatheic effect on AV nodal delay

A

decreases AV nodal delay

85
Q

Symaptheic effect on the artia

A

increase contraction

86
Q

sympatheitc effect on the ventricle

A

increase contraction

87
Q

sympathetic innervation of the hear .. cardiac output

A

increases

88
Q

coronary vessels

A
  • recieves blood during diastole
89
Q

coronary artery disease

A
  • pathological changes within an artery that dimish the blooflow through the vessel
  • can cause micoardial ischemia
90
Q

vascular spasms

A
  • reversable - latent activating factor (brings less o2)
91
Q
A

HLSC120: Physiology (7 decks)

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