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HLSC120: Physiology > Chapter 5B > Flashcards

Chapter 5B Flashcards

1
Q

Eyelids

A
  • act as shutters to protect eye from environmental insults
  • helps disperse tears
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2
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Produces tears

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3
Q

Pupil

A
  • opening which allows lint into the eye
  • size adjusted by iris muscle networks
  • composed of two sets of smooth muscles
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4
Q

Eyelashes

A
  • trap fine airborn debris before it can fall into the eye
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5
Q

Cornea

A
  • transparent
  • light rays pass into the inferior of the eye
  • lacks blood vessels
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6
Q

Lens

A
  • separates two fluid filled cavities
  • lacks blood vessels
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7
Q

Aqueous humor

A
  • clear, watery fluid
  • carries nutrients for the cornea and lens
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8
Q

Where is aqueous humor produced

A

Within the ciliary body

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9
Q

Glaucoma

A
  • if aqueous humor is not drained from a blockage in the anterior cavity
  • causes pressure to rise and can lead to blindness if not cured
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10
Q

Iris

A
  • thin, pigmented, smooth muscle within the aqueous humor
  • responsible for eye color
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11
Q

Astigmatism

A
  • curvature of cornea is uneven so light rays are unequally refracted
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12
Q

Ciliary body

A
  • adjust lens; known as lens accommodation
    Consists of:
  • ciliary muscles
  • suspensory ligaments
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13
Q

Optic disc

A

Blind spot
- no image because there are no rods and cones

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14
Q

Macula

A
  • high concentration of cones (high acuity)
  • overlying ganglion and bipolar cells
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15
Q

Macular degeneration

A
  • leading of blindness
  • loss of photoreceptors in macular lutea
  • “ doughnut vision”
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16
Q

Fovea central is

A
  • only cones
  • area of sharpest vision
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17
Q

Retina

A
  • nervous tissue layer
  • contains photoreceptors
  • highly pigmented to prevent reflection or scattering of light
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18
Q

Vitreous humor

A
  • larger cavity
  • jellyfish like substance
  • maintains spherical shape
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19
Q

Choroid

A
  • contains blood vessels that nourish the retina
  • highly pigmented to prevent reflection/ scattering of light
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20
Q

Sclera

A
  • outermost layer
  • layer of connective tissue
  • white part of the eye
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21
Q

Accommodation

A
  • ability to adjust the strength of the lens, which is dependent on shape
  • regulated by the ciliary muscle
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22
Q

Lens flattened

A
  • ciliary muscle relaxed
  • suspend story ligaments tout
  • far vision
  • sympathetic simulation
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23
Q

Round lens

A
  • ciliary muscle contracts
  • near Visio.
  • parasympathetic stimulation
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24
Q

Presbyopia

A
  • old cells use soerical shape
  • affects people 45-50
  • require reading classes
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25
Q

Emmetropia

A
  • normal eye
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26
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • far sightedness
  • corrected by cones lens
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27
Q

Myopia

A
  • near sightedness
  • corrected by a concave lens
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28
Q

Cataracts

A
  • lens fibres become opaque therefore light rays cannot pass through
  • surgically removed
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29
Q

Phototransduction

A
  • process of converting light stimuli into electrical signals
  • photoreceptors hyperpolarize on light absorption
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30
Q

Visual field

A
  • field of view that can be seen without moving the head
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31
Q

Photopigments

A
  • undergo chemical operation when activated by light
    2 components
  • opsin (part of the disc membrane)
  • retinene ( vitamin a, within opsin, light absorbing part)
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32
Q

Rhodopsin

A
  • rod pigment
  • absorbs all visible light wavelengths
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33
Q

Rods

A

More sensitive; low light; shades of grey
- low acuity
- night vision
- much convergence in retinal pathway
- more numerous in periphery

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34
Q

Cones

A
  • detect color
  • low sensitivity
  • high acuity
  • day vision
  • little convergence in retinal pathway
  • concentrated in fovea and macular lutea
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35
Q

Dark adaptation

A
  • gradually distinguish objects due to the regeneration of rod photopigments
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36
Q

Light adaptation

A
  • as cone photopigments rapidly breakdown by light exposure, light sensitivity decreases
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37
Q

Night blindness

A
  • deficiency of vitamin A
  • photopigments of both rods and cones are reduced; but still enough cones to see
  • reversible
38
Q

Color blindness

A
  • genetically controlled
  • more common males
  • lack of cone type
39
Q

External ear

A
  • pinna
  • external auditory meatus
  • tympanic membrane
40
Q

Pinna

A
  • skin covered flap of cartilage, collects sound waves and channels them down into the external ear
  • relatively immobile
  • shape helps people distinguish weather sound is coming from directly in front or behind
41
Q

Tympanic membrane

A
  • vibrates
  • must have equal pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane
42
Q

Eustachian (auditory) tube

A
  • connects the middle ear to pharynx
  • can be pulled open by yawning, chewing, and swallowing
  • permits air pressure within the middle ear to equalibrate with atmospheric pressure
43
Q

Cochlea

A
  • hearing portion of the inner ear
  • coiled tubular system lying deep within the temporal bone
44
Q

Pitch discrimination

A
  • ability to distinguish between various frequency’s of certain sound
  • capacity depends on shape of the basilar membrane
  • narrow end (near oval window) vibrates best with high frequency pitches
  • wide end vibrates maximally with low frequency tones
45
Q

Intensity discrimination

A
  • depends on the amplitude of vibration
    Loud sound = more vibration
46
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A
  • precieves discrete sounds
47
Q

Higher order auditory cortex

A
  • integrated sounds into a coherent, meaningful pattern
48
Q

Conductive deafness

A
  • sound waves are not adequately conducted through the external and middle portions of the ear to set the fluids of the inner ear in motion
    EXAMPLE: physical blockages, rupture of the eardrum, middle ear infections, fluid accumulation, restriction of ossicular movements
    TREATMENT: hearing aids
49
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A
  • sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear, but are not transmitted into nerve signals; caused by defects in the organ of corti or the auditory nerves
50
Q

Neural presycusis deafness

A
  • degenerative, age related
  • occurs when the hair cells “wear out”
  • partical hearing loss
51
Q

Vestibular apparatus function

A
  • equilibrium and coordination of head with movements of the eye and postural movements
52
Q

Semicircular canals

A
  • detect rotation or angular acceleration/deacceleration of the head
53
Q

Otolith organs

A

Utrical and saccual
- provide information about the position of the head relative to gravity (static) and changes in the rate of linear motion
- movement of kinocilium and stereocilia results in changes in hair cell potential
- tiny calcium carbonate crystals
- gelatinous

54
Q

Receptors for taste and smell

A

Chemoreceptors

55
Q

salty

A

Na –> depolarizes cells

56
Q

sour

A

H
shut down k channels because H blocks channels
accelerate na entery

57
Q

bitter

A
  • Kaloids
    G protein, gustducin + second messenger
    Example: caffiene
58
Q

umami

A

Glutamate (MSG); high fatty acids
meaty or savory taste
- popular is asian dishes

59
Q

cranial nerves involved in taste

A

CN7
CN9
CN10
CN11
CN12 –> muscles

60
Q

olfactory pathway

A
  • olfactory buld (uses g protein: golf and second messenger: cAMP)
  • glomenuli
  • mitral cells
  • goes to cortex or lymbic system (emotional connection)
61
Q

vomeronnasal organ

A
  • detects pharamones
  • travels to the lymbic system
62
Q

3 types of olfactory cells

A
  1. oldfactory receptor cells
  2. supporting cells
  3. basal cells
63
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A
  • affrent neurons
  • axons for the olfactory nerve
  • contains cilia which contains the binging cells for odorants
64
Q

supporting cells

A

secrete mucous

65
Q

basal cells

A
  • precoursors for olfactory receptor cells
  • replaced every 2 months
66
Q

effrent division

A

CNS –> receptors
- prensent in the grey mattter of the spinal cord and medulla oblongota
- uses only epinephrine/norepinephrine and acetylcholine

67
Q

autonomic division

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasymapthetic
68
Q

sympathetic

A
  • flight or flight response
  • provides thoracolmbar branch
69
Q

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A
  • paravertebral position
  • short
  • secretes ACh in ganglion
70
Q

acetylcholine receptors

A
  • cholinergic nictinic
  • cholinergic muscranic
71
Q

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A
  • long
  • secretes: norepinephrine/ epinephrine
72
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine receptors

A

adrengic receptors

73
Q

types of adregenic receptors

A
  • alpha
    (1,2)
  • beta
    (1,2,3)
74
Q

Alpha 1 receptors

A

(NE>E)
- most tissues
- uses calcium second messenger
Example: salivary glands, in males ejaculation/ in females ciltoral excitation, urinary bladder

75
Q

Alpha 2 receptors

A

(NE>E)
- uses cAMP as second messsenger
- inhibitory effect
Example: smooth musscles of the GI tract (relax), decreases insulin

76
Q

beta 1 receptors

A

(NE=E)
- excitatory
Example: increases heart rate

77
Q

beta 2 receptors

A

(E>NE)
- uses cAMP second messenger
- inhibitory
Example: flattening of lens (far vision), smooth muscles of the respitory tract, blood vessles, liver

78
Q

Beta 3

A

(NE>E)
- uses cAMP second messenger
- excitatory response
Example: adipose tissue (brown fat)

79
Q

parasympathic division

A
  • rest and digest
  • provides: craniosacral branch
80
Q

parasympathic preganglionic neurons

A
  • long
  • futher from organ/ on or near target
  • secretes ACh
81
Q

parasympathic postganglionic neurons

A
  • short
  • secretes ACh –> cholingic muscranic
82
Q

polio

A
  • caused by a virus
  • fecal- oral root of entry
  • dirty food / water
    Symptoms: motor neuron, destroys cells body, cells dealth, paralysis
  • effects war torn countries
    Treatment: vaccines
83
Q

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) / Lou-Gehrig’s disease

A
  • mitochondrial disease (less energy)
  • abdominal accumulation of neurofiliament
  • axonal transport reduced
  • glutamate
  • no cure
84
Q

Somatic

A
  • sketletal muscles
  • forms neuromuscular junction
    0 myelinated potential
85
Q

nuromuscular junction is

A

vunerable

86
Q

black widow spider venom effect on the neurmuscular junction

A
  • causes explosive relase of ACh which continually depolarizes the neuromuscular junction
87
Q

Botulism toxin effect on the neurmuscular junction

A
  • produces by chostridum botulinum (bacteria)
  • blocks the release of ACh
  • results isn paralysis ( no muscle tone)
88
Q

Curare effect on the neuromuscular junction

A
  • block action of ACh at receptor sites
  • used on arrow heads for aminal paralysis
89
Q

organophosphates effect on the neuromuscular junction

A
  • prevents inactivation of ACh
  • nerve gases
90
Q

myasthenia gravis effect on the neuromuscular junction

A
  • inactivates ACh receptors sites
  • autoimune diesease
  • dropping fo eyelids, difficulty chewing, and difficulty walking
91
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A
  • after action potential
  • removes ACh by breaking it down into choline (used) and acetic acid (waste)

HLSC120: Physiology (7 decks)

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