Chapter 4: CNS Flashcards
Glial cells of the PNS
- satellite cells
- Schwann cells
Satellite cess
Form capsule around the cell body
Schwann cells
- form myelin
- provides neurotrophic factors (growth)
Glial cells of the CNS
- oligodendrocytes
- astrocytes
- microglia
- epidymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Forms myelin
Astrocytes
- secretes paracrine signals
- forms tight junctions (BBB)
- provide neurotrophic nature
Microglia
- brains immune cells
- scavengers
What happens if microglia are overactive
Damage to the brain cells
- alztimers, dementia, AIDS, MS
Ependymal cells
- secrete cerebral spinal fluid
- act as stem cells
What is the infection of the meninges
Menigitis
Dura mater
- tough outer membrane
- houses veins
Pia mater
- innermost layer
- houses arteries
How many times a day is cerebrospinal fluid
3 times
125-150ml each time it is made
What does cerebrospinal fluid do chemically
- increases sodium allows communication
What does cerebrospinal fluid do at the physical value
- shock absorber
- reduces to weight of the brain tissue by increasing buoyancy
What is the blood brain barrier produced by
- astrocytes
BBB
- tight junction secreted
- selectively transported
What is a diseas of the BBB
- Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
BBB
- loses dopeninergic neurons
Treatment: leva-dopa
Where is there an absence of BBB
- vomiting center
- hypothalamus
What is the werneckis area responsible for
Language comprehension
What is the Broca’s area responsible for
Formation of speech
Receptive aphasia
Cannot attach meaning to words
Expressive aphasia
- no sentence formation
- no syntax
Corpus collosum
- connects the. Cerebral hemispheres
- information highway
Occipital lobe
Visual
Temporal lobe
- sound
- located by the ears
Parietal lobe
- sensory
- located at the top of the brain
Frontal lobe
- voluntary activity such as speech and thought
What is lateral dominance
One hemisphere if the cerebrum is more dominate
Left lateral dominance
- 95% right handed
- language, math, thinkers, logical, analytical, sequential, fragmented
Right lateral dominance
- left handed
- artists, creative, musical, holistic
Central sulcus
Divides the parietal lobe and frontal lobe
What is the higher cortex
- paritetal lobe
- frontal lobe
Primary motor cortex
- located in the frontal lobe
Somatosensory cortex
- temperature, pressure, touch, proprioception
Association areas
- prefrontal association cortex
- Parsifal- temporal - occipital association cortex
- limbic association cortex
Prefrontal association cortex
- site if working memory
- responsible for decision making, creativity, personality traits
- site of voluntary activity
Parietal- occipital- temporal association area
- gives us the complete picture
Limbic association cortex
- motivation, learning and memory
Diseases of the nasal nuclei
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington disease
- Tourette’s
- OCD
Parkinson’s disease
- loss of dopamine in the nasal nuclei
Symptoms: resting tremors, gait walking, reptilian stare, difficult movements, rigidity
Huntingtons disease
- progressive genetic disease of the nasal nuclei
Symptoms: exacerbated movements, twitching, cognition loss, dementia, wheelchair bound
Torettes
Disease of the basal nuclei
OCD
Disease of the basal nuclei
Thalamus
- acts as a relay station
- sensory stimuli ( except smell)
- awareness
- stimuli of special interest
Hypothalamus
- link between the nervous and endocrine system
- fight or flight response
- negative and positive feedback
- satiety center (eating)
- body temp
Pineal gland
- circadian rhythm
- melatonin
Posterior pituitary gland makes
- oxytocin
- vasopressin (ADH)
Oxytocin
- child birth positive feedback
- releases collestrum
Vasopressin
ADH ( anti- diuretic hormone)
- controls kidneys and blood pressure
Spinocerebellum
- fine, precise movements
- intentions of cortex
- correct deviations of muscles
- enhances muscle tone
- voluntary movements
Cerebri cerebellum
- planning
- procedural memories (repetitive actions)
Vestibulocerebellum
- equalinrum and balance
- inner ear
- controls eye movements
Medulla oblongata
- blood pressure
- swallowing
- vomiting center
- breathing
Pons
- breathing
- connects
Midbrain
- eye reflexes and movement
- auditory
Cingulate gyrus
- emotional gestures
Fornix
- recall memory
Hippocampus
- site of declarative memories
- site of formation of new neurons
- lost in Alzheimer’s patients
Amygdala
- fear (fight-or-flight)
- “ butterflies in the stomach”
- responsible for emotional drinking
Dorsal horn
- afferent neurons coming in
- site used by pathogens to hide
Lateral horn
- efferent neurons leave
Cauda equina
“ hourses tail”
- CSF retrieval
Site of epidurals
- Cauda equina
Inate reflexes
- baninskis reflex
- sucking
- Moro
- landay
Baninskis reflex
Negative: scrunch toes
* disappears at approx. 2
Moro
Starteling
Landay reflex
- tendency of baby to come towards you
Learned / aquifer / conditioned reflex
- withdraw reflex
- crossed extensor reflex
CNS consists of
Brain and spinal cord
PNS consists of
Nerves
Affrent division
Carries information to the CNS
Efferent division
- communicates instructions from the CNS to the effector organs
Somatic nervous system
- supply the skeletal muscles
ANS
Consists of nerve fibres that innervate the smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
Interneurons
- lie in between afferent and efferent neurons
- integrates peripheral responses to peripheral information
Arachnoid mater
- highly vascular
Subarachnoid space
Filled with CSF
Choroid plexus
- forms CSF
Hydrocephalus
- excess CSF
