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HLSC120: Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Tetanus

A
  • block inhibitory responses by preventing the pre-sympathetic relapse of GABA
    Symptoms: uncontrolled muscles spasms, lockjaw, progresses to breaking muscles, death
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2
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • deficiency of dopamine in the basal nuclei
    Symptoms: muscular rigidity, involuntary tremors
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3
Q

What is the treatment for PD

A

Leva-Dopa
—> precursor of dopamine

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4
Q

Effect of Cocaine on the synapse

A
  • generates long-term modular adaptions
  • cocaine leads to increased dopamine activity
  • the number or dopamine receptors is reduced in response to glut, so the user must increase the dosage to satisfy the post synaptic cells
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5
Q

Presynaptic facilation

A
  • release of neurotransmitters in enhanced
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6
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A
  • amount of neurotransmitters released is reduced
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7
Q

Neuropeptides

A
  • larger
  • synthesized in the ER or golgi complex
  • slow prolonged response
  • lower concentrations
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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • small, rapid acting
  • synthesized in the synaptic vesicles in the cytoplasm
  • mainly amino acids
  • typically trigger the opening of specific ion channels the bring about change in the post synaptic neuron’s (EPSP or IPSP)
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9
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

IPSP
- moves the synaptic neuron farther from threshold
- leakage of k; hyoerpolarization
- cl efflux

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10
Q

Excitatory Synapse

A

EPSP
- both ions are increased at the same time
- neurons is easier to bring to threshold
- excite the next neuron

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11
Q

MS

A
  • demyelination’s disease
    Symptoms: fatigue, wheelchair bound, loos of vision, muscle weakness
    Cause: herpes 4 and 6, environmental
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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • myelin forming cells in the CNS
  • not not have regenerative ability
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13
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • form myelin in the PNS
  • form regeneration tube
  • provide neurotrophic factors
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14
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • form casual around the body
  • in PNS
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15
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • secrete paracrine signals
  • form tight junctions (BBB)
  • provide neurotrophic nature
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16
Q

Microglia

A
  • brains immune cells
  • scavengers
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17
Q

Epidymal cells

A
  • in CNS
  • secrete cerebralspinal fluid
  • act as stem cells
18
Q

Where are epidymal cells located

A

Hippocampus

19
Q

Modes of Ranvier

A
  • where the axon is bare and exposed to the ECF
  • can produce action potential ( has a high concentration of voltage gated na channels)
20
Q

Myelin

A

-80% lipids, 20% proteins
- insulator to prevent current leakage

21
Q

Variable of speed of conduction

A
  • myelinated or unmyelinated
  • diameter of the finer (larger = faster)
22
Q

Saltatory conduction

A
  • myelinated neurons
  • jumps
  • faster communication
  • energy efficient
  • travels longer distances
23
Q

Contiguous conduction

A
  • unmyelinated fibres
  • action potential spreads whole length of the neuron
24
Q

Voltage gated channels

A
  • open and close in response to membrane potential
25
Q

Leak channels

A
  • open all the time
  • unregulated leakage of ions
26
Q

Na - k concentration

A

2-3

27
Q

Na

A

Extracellular: 150
Intracellular: 15
Relative permubility: 1

28
Q

K

A

Extracellular: 5
Intracellular: 150
Relative permubility: 50-75

29
Q

A

A

Extracellular: 0
Intracellular: 65
Relative permubiality: 0

30
Q

Membrane potential

A
  • difference charge between the ICF and ECF
  • exhibited by all membranes
31
Q

Depolarization

A
  • increased permubility of na (na influx)
    -“ climbing”
  • upward
32
Q

Repolarization

A
  • increased k permubility
  • falling
  • downward movement
33
Q

Hypolarization

A

Dip
- leakage of k into the cell

34
Q

Relative refractory period

A
  • na gates close; k gates open
  • last part of repolarization and hyperpolarization
35
Q

Absolute refractory period

A
  • depolarization and repolarization
36
Q

Action potential

A
  • long distance signaling
  • spends the entire length of the neuron
  • rapid
  • positive feedback
37
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A
  • stretching or other mechanical deformation
    Ex. Touch
38
Q

Chemically gated channels

A
  • change conformation in response to the binding of specific chemical messengers in a membrane receptor
    Ex. Neurotransmitters
39
Q

Thermally gated channels

A
  • local changes in temp
40
Q

Types of gated channels

A
  • voltage
  • chemically
  • mechanically, temperature
41
Q

Gated channels

A
  • prevent ion passage through channels
  • change in three dimensional shape of the protein to open/close
42
Q

Graded potential

A
  • short distance signaling
  • variable strength

HLSC120: Physiology (7 decks)

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