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HLSC120: Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

cyclic AMP second messenger pathway

A
  1. binging of extra-cellular messsenger to receptor activates a G protein, the alpha subunit of which shuttles to and activates adenylyl cyclase
  2. adenyly cyclase converts ATp to cAMP
  3. cAMP activates kinase A
  4. protein kinase A phosphorylates inactivate traget protein, activationing it
  5. active target protein brings about desired response
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2
Q

uses of cAMP

A
  • modification of heart rate
  • formation of female sex hormones in ovaries
  • breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
  • urine formation in the kidneys
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3
Q

hydrophilic hormones

A
  • bind to surface receptors
  • highly water soluable
  • can alter cells premaritally
    uses:
  • cyclic AMP second messenger pathway
  • calcium second messenger pathway
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4
Q

Calcium second messenger system

A
  1. binging of extracellular messenger to receptor activates a G protein, the alpha subunit of which shuttles to and activates phospholipase C
  2. phospholipase C converts PIP to Ip and DAG
    3a. IP mobilizes intracellular CA
    4a. ca activates calmodulin
    5a. ca- calmodulin complex activates ca- calmodulin- dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase)
    6a. CaM kinase phosphorylase inactivates target protein, activating it.
    7a. active target protein brings about disired response
    4b. protein kinase C phosphorylastes inactive target protein, activating it.
    5b. active target protein brings about desired response.
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5
Q

types of hydrophilic hormones

A
  • peptide
  • catecholamines
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6
Q

peptide hormones

A
  • amino acid arranged in a chain
    Example: insulin
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7
Q

Catecholamine

A
  • secreted by the adreanal medulla
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8
Q

lipophilic hormones

A
  • lipid loving hormones
  • poor water solubility
  • creates new enzymes or protein synthesis
    Types:
  • thyrod
  • steriods
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9
Q

thyroid hormones

A

secreted by the tyroid hormone

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10
Q

steriod hormones

A
  • deprived form cortosol
  • secreted by the adrensl cortex
    Example: Sex hormones (testosterone/estrogen)
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11
Q

hydrophilic hormones circulate

A

50% free in blood50% bound to plasma proteins

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12
Q

lipophilic hormones circulate

A

100% bound to plasma proteins

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13
Q

receptors of lipophic hormones are found

A

on the DNA of the cell

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14
Q

receptors of hydrophilic hormones are found on

A

plasma protiens

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15
Q

protein synthesis steps

A
  1. free lymphatic hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells and binds with receptor cells either in the cytoplasm of the nucelus
  2. receptors: hormone binding region and DNA binding spot
  3. binging of hormone receptor complex withDNA turns on specific gene within the cell; gene contains a code for synthesing a given protein; code is transcribed into a complementry messsenger RNA
  4. new messenger RNA leave nucleus and enter the cytoplasm
  5. new messenger RNA binds into a ribosome –. “workbench” that mediates the assembly of new proteins
  6. new protein (enzymal or structural ) produces target cells ultimate physiological response
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16
Q

amines

A

catecholamines and thyroid hormoes

17
Q

solubility

A

Peptides: hydrophilic
Catecholamines: hydrophilic
Thyroid Hormones: lipophilic
Steriod Hormones: lipophilic

18
Q

structure

A

Peptides: chains of specific amino acids
Catecholamines: tyrosine derivitive
Thyroid Hormones: iodinated tyrosine derivitive
Steriod Hormones: cholesteral derivitive

19
Q

Synthesis

A

Peptides: in Rough ER; packaged in the golgi complex
Catecholamines: in cytosol
Thyroid Hormones: in colloid
Steriod Hormones: stepwise modification of cholesteral molecule in various intercellular compartments

20
Q

storage

A

Peptides: large amount is secretory granuales
Catecholamines: in chromaffin granules
Thyroid Hormones: in colloid
Steriod Hormones: not stored; precoursor stored in lipid droplets

21
Q

secretion

A

Peptides: exocytosis of granules
Catecholamines: exocytosis of granules
Thyroid Hormones: endocytosis of colloid
Steriod Hormones: simple diffusion

22
Q

transported

A

Peptides: as a free hormone
Catecholamines: half bound to protein plasma
Thyroid Hormones:mostly bound to protein plamsa
Steriod Hormones:mostly bound to protein plamsa

23
Q

receptor site

A

Peptides: surface of target cells
Catecholamines: surface of target cells
Thyroid Hormones: inside target cell
Steriod Hormones: inside target cell

24
Q

type

A

Peptides: majority of hormones
Catecholamines: only hormones from the adrenal cortex
Thyroid Hormones: only hormones from follicular thyroid cells
Steriod Hormones: only hormones from the adrenal cortex and gonads

25
Q

hormonal responses

A
  • slow
  • longer duration
  • target many tissues
26
Q

neural responses

A
  • faster
  • breif in duration
  • target issues are muscle glands, and adipose tissues

HLSC120: Physiology (7 decks)

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