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Med Term > Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What does the prefix ‘aden/o’ refer to?

A

Gland

‘Aden/o’ is commonly used in medical terminology to denote glands.

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2
Q

What does ‘agglutin/o’ mean?

A

Clumping

‘Agglutin/o’ is often used in the context of blood typing and immune responses.

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3
Q

What is the meaning of the suffix ‘-blast’?

A

Immature or embryonic cell

‘-blast’ is used in terms like ‘osteoblast’, referring to immature bone cells.

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4
Q

Define ‘chrom/o’.

A

Color

‘Chrom/o’ is frequently used in genetics and histology.

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5
Q

What does ‘erythr/o’ refer to?

A

Red

‘Erythr/o’ is commonly associated with red blood cells.

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6
Q

What does ‘granul/o’ mean?

A

Granule

‘Granul/o’ is often used in the context of certain types of white blood cells.

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7
Q

What does ‘hem/o’ signify?

A

Blood

‘Hem/o’ is used in terms like ‘hemoglobin’, which is the protein in red blood cells.

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8
Q

What does ‘hemat/o’ stand for?

A

Blood

‘Hemat/o’ is used in medical terms related to blood conditions.

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9
Q

Define ‘immun/o’.

A

Immune

‘Immun/o’ is often used in immunology and refers to the immune system.

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10
Q

What does ‘leuk/o’ refer to?

A

White

‘Leuk/o’ is commonly used in terms like ‘leukocyte’, which means white blood cell.

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11
Q

What does ‘lymph/o’ mean?

A

Lymph

‘Lymph/o’ is associated with the lymphatic system.

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12
Q

What does ‘lymphaden/o’ refer to?

A

Lymph node

‘Lymphaden/o’ is used in terms related to lymph nodes.

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13
Q

What does ‘lymphangi/o’ mean?

A

Lymph vessel

‘Lymphangi/o’ is used in terms that refer to the lymphatic vessels.

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14
Q

Define ‘morph/o’.

A

Form or shape

‘Morph/o’ is often used in the study of organisms and cells.

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15
Q

What does ‘myel/o’ signify?

A

Bone marrow or spinal cord

‘Myel/o’ can refer to both the spinal cord and bone marrow in medical terminology.

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16
Q

What does ‘nucle/o’ refer to?

A

Nucleus

‘Nucle/o’ is commonly used in cellular biology.

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17
Q

Define ‘phag/o’.

A

To eat or engulf

‘Phag/o’ is often used in terms related to cell eating, such as ‘phagocytosis’.

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18
Q

What does ‘poikil/o’ mean?

A

Irregular

‘Poikil/o’ is often used in contexts of shape variations in cells.

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19
Q

What does ‘ser/o’ refer to?

A

Serum

‘Ser/o’ is related to the clear fluid that can be separated from clotted blood.

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20
Q

What does ‘sider/o’ signify?

A

Iron

‘Sider/o’ is often used in the context of iron metabolism in the body.

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21
Q

What does ‘splen/o’ refer to?

A

Spleen

‘Splen/o’ is used in terms related to the spleen and its functions.

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22
Q

What does ‘thromb/o’ mean?

A

Clot

‘Thromb/o’ is often used in terms related to blood clotting.

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23
Q

Define ‘thym/o’.

A

Thymus

‘Thym/o’ is related to the thymus gland, important for immune function.

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24
Q

What does the suffix ‘-globin’ indicate?

A

Protein

‘-globin’ is used in terms like ‘hemoglobin’, referring to the protein in red blood cells.

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25
What does the suffix '-penia' signify?
Deficiency ## Footnote '-penia' is used in medical terms to indicate a lack or deficiency of a substance.
26
What does '-phil' mean?
Loving ## Footnote '-phil' is used in terms like 'eosinophil', referring to a type of white blood cell that loves certain stains.
27
What does '-phylaxis' refer to?
Protection ## Footnote '-phylaxis' is often used in terms related to prevention, such as 'prophylaxis'.
28
What does '-poiesis' mean?
Formation or production ## Footnote '-poiesis' is used in terms like 'hematopoiesis', meaning blood formation.
29
What does '-stasis' signify?
Stopping or standing still ## Footnote '-stasis' is used in medical contexts to indicate a halt in normal flow.
30
What does 'aniso-' mean?
Unequal ## Footnote 'Aniso-' is used in terms that refer to unequal sizes or shapes, often in blood cells.
31
What common signs and symptoms do anemias, leukemias, and coagulation disorders share?
Paleness, weakness, shortness of breath, heart palpitations
32
What are lymphatic disorders commonly associated with?
Edema and lymphadenopathy
33
What types of responses are included in immune disorders?
* Hypersensitivities * Immunodeficiencies * Autoimmunity
34
What branch of medicine studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes?
Hematology
35
What is the name of the physician who specializes in hematology?
Hematologist
36
What does the branch of allergy and immunology involve?
* Disorders of the immune system * Asthma * Anaphylaxis * Adverse reactions to drugs * Autoimmune diseases * Organ transplantations * Malignancies of the immune system
37
What is anemia defined as?
A deficiency in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin within the red blood cells
38
Is anemia a disease or a symptom?
Symptom of other illnesses
39
What is a significant hereditary anemia that affects individuals of African ancestry?
Sickle cell anemia
40
What causes sickle cell anemia?
A defective hemoglobin molecule (hemoglobinopathy)
41
What shape do red blood cells assume in sickle cell anemia?
Bizarre shapes resembling a crescent or sickle
42
What happens to sickle cells in low oxygen levels?
They become fragile, break apart (hemolyze), and have difficulty passing through small capillaries
43
What is the consequence of tissue distal to a blockage in sickle cell anemia?
Ischemia, resulting in severe pain called a sickle cell crisis
44
How long can a sickle cell crisis last?
From several hours to several days
45
What is required for an individual to be affected by sickle cell anemia?
Inheriting the trait from both parents
46
What happens if the sickle cell trait is inherited from only one parent?
The offspring will be a carrier but will not have the disorder
47
What is the focus of treatment for sickle cell anemia?
To control or limit the number of crises
48
What supplement is commonly recommended for sickle cell anemia?
Folic acid
49
What is an allergy?
An acquired abnormal immune response that requires initial exposure to an allergen.
50
What occurs during the sensitization phase of an allergy?
Initial exposure to an allergen.
51
What are some inflammatory changes caused by allergic reactions?
* Hives (urticaria) * Eczema * Allergic rhinitis * Asthma * Anaphylaxis
52
What do allergy-sensitivity tests involve?
Introducing a suspension of the allergen into the skin.
53
What indicates a positive result in allergy-sensitivity tests?
The area becomes red, swollen, and hardened (indurated).
54
What are allergy shots also known as?
Immunotherapy or biotherapy.
55
What types of allergens can allergy shots help with?
* Pollens * Pet dander * Molds * Dust mites * Venom (bee stings)
56
What is the mechanism of action for allergy shots?
Repeated injections of the allergen desensitize the patient and reduce reactions.
57
What happens when the immune system fails to differentiate foreign antigens from autoantigens?
It leads to an autoimmune disease.
58
What are autoantibodies?
Antibodies produced by the immune system that target the individual's own cells or tissues.
59
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?
* Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) * Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) * Multiple sclerosis * Myasthenia gravis * Vasculitis * Various thyroid disorders
60
What is a common characteristic of autoimmune diseases?
Periods of flare-ups (exacerbations) and latencies (remissions).
61
What are the treatment goals for autoimmune diseases?
* Reducing symptoms * Controlling the autoimmune process * Maintaining the body’s ability to fight disease
62
Are autoimmune diseases typically curable?
No, most autoimmune diseases are chronic and require lifelong care.
63
Fill in the blank: Allergy shots are effective for allergies to _______.
[pollen, pet dander, molds, dust mites, venom]
64
What is any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule called?
Hemoglobinopathy ## Footnote Hemoglobinopathies include conditions like sickle cell disease and thalassemia.
65
What is the swelling of tissue in limb(s) usually due to obstruction or disease of a lymph vessel called?
Lymphedema ## Footnote Lymphedema can occur after surgery or radiation treatment for cancer.
66
What term describes a disease of a lymph node?
Lymphadenopathy ## Footnote Lymphadenopathy can indicate infections, malignancies, or autoimmune diseases.
67
What is anemia associated with bone marrow failure known as?
Aplastic anemia ## Footnote Aplastic anemia results in a deficiency of all blood cell types.
68
What is a life-threatening allergic response called?
Anaphylaxis ## Footnote Anaphylaxis can be triggered by foods, insect stings, or medications.
69
What does it mean when an infection affects only those who are immunocompromised?
Opportunistic infection ## Footnote Opportunistic infections take advantage of weakened immune systems.
70
What is the malignant disease of the lymph nodes characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells?
Hodgkin lymphoma ## Footnote Reed-Sternberg cells are a hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma.
71
What is the term for initial exposure to an allergen?
Sensitization ## Footnote Sensitization may lead to allergic reactions upon subsequent exposures.
72
What is the deficiency in RBCs or hemoglobin called?
Erythropenia ## Footnote Anemia can result from various causes, including iron deficiency and chronic disease.
73
What is the malignancy of plasma cells in the bone marrow called?
Multiple myeloma ## Footnote Multiple myeloma can lead to bone pain and anemia.
74
What infectious disorder is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus?
Mononucleosis ## Footnote Infectious mononucleosis is often characterized by fatigue, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
75
What is the presence of bacteria or their toxins in blood called?
Sepsis ## Footnote Bacteremia can lead to sepsis, a serious systemic infection.
76
What type of leukemia affects granulocytes?
Myelogenous ## Footnote CML is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome.
77
What malignancy is associated with HIV?
Kaposi's sarcoma ## Footnote Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that occurs more frequently in individuals with HIV/AIDS.
78
What hereditary anemia is found mostly in those of African descent?
Sickle cell anemia ## Footnote Sickle cell anemia causes red blood cells to assume a sickle shape, leading to various complications.
79
What is the decrease of platelets in the circulatory system called?
Thrombocytopenia ## Footnote Thrombocytopenia can result from various conditions, including autoimmune disorders.
80
What type of anemia is caused by the destruction of erythrocytes?
Hemolytic anemia ## Footnote Hemolytic anemia can be caused by autoimmune diseases or infections.
81
What is the term for an excessive number of platelets in circulation?
Thrombocythemia ## Footnote Thrombocytosis can occur in response to infections or inflammation.
82
What hereditary bleeding disorder is caused by a deficiency in clotting factors?
Hemophilia ## Footnote Hemophilia primarily affects males and can lead to excessive bleeding.
83
What is the destruction of a transplanted organ or tissue by the recipient’s immune system called?
Graft rejection ## Footnote Transplant rejection can be acute or chronic, requiring immunosuppressive therapy.
84
What is immunotherapy that uses stimulators to enhance the immune system?
Biological
85
What is the procedure that uses a contrast dye to determine blockages of the lymph vessels?
Lymphangiography.
86
What is the serological test for infectious mononucleosis?
Monospot test.
87
What is the purpose of anticoagulants?
Used to prevent blood clot formation.
88
What is a transplant from a compatible donor called?
Allogeneic transplant/homologous
89
What test identifies antibodies that attack an individual’s own cells?
Autoantibody test.
90
What procedure uses a radioactive tracer to identify the location of the sentinel node?
lymphoscinitigraphy
91
What is the dialysis procedure used to treat autoimmune diseases?
Plasmapheresis.
92
What is the excision of lymph nodes called?
Lymphadenectomy.
93
What is a transplant using the recipient’s own stem cells called?
Autologous transplant.
94
What is the function of antimicrobials?
Destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
95
What is the purpose of thrombolytics?
Used to dissolve blood clots.
96
What is a lifesaving procedure to replenish blood loss or for treatment of severe anemia?
Transfusion.

Med Term (15 decks)

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