Chapter 12: Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary function of the female reproductive system?
A
To produce and transport ova, discharge ova if fertilization does not occur, and nourish a developing fetus during pregnancy.
2
Q
What hormones does the female reproductive system produce?
A
Estrogen and progesterone.
3
Q
What role do estrogen and progesterone play in the reproductive process?
A
They are responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle.
4
Q
What are the internal organs of the female reproductive system?
A
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
5
Q
What is the external genitalia of the female reproductive system collectively known as?
A
Vulva.
6
Q
What structures are included in the vulva?
A
- Labia minora
- Labia majora
- Clitoris
- Bartholin glands
- Mons pubis
7
Q
What is the purpose of the ovaries?
A
To produce female reproductive cells (ova) and hormones.
8
Q
What is ovulation?
A
The process where a mature follicle ruptures and releases an ovum.
9
Q
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
A
Estrogen and progesterone.
10
Q
What happens if fertilization does not occur after ovulation?
A
The corpus luteum degenerates and hormone levels decrease, leading to menstruation.
11
Q
What are the functions of the fallopian tubes?
A
To transport the ovum to the uterus and where fertilization occurs.
12
Q
What is the structure of the uterus?
A
A muscular, hollow structure shaped like an inverted pear.
13
Q
What are the three parts of the uterus?
A
- Fundus
- Body
- Cervix
14
Q
What is the vagina’s role in the female reproductive system?
A
To serve as the organ of sexual intercourse, discharge menstrual flow, and act as a passageway for childbirth.
15
Q
What is menarche?
A
The initial menstrual period occurring at puberty.
16
Q
What is the average duration of the menstrual cycle?
A
Approximately 28 days.
17
Q
What occurs to the endometrium during menstruation?
A
It sloughs off due to hormonal stimulation, resulting in bleeding.
18
Q
What is the term for the product of conception before the third month of pregnancy?
A
Embryo.
19
Q
What physiological changes occur in the uterus during pregnancy?
A
It increases in size and muscle mass, houses the placenta, and prepares for childbirth.
20
Q
What is the physiological process of labor?
A
The expulsion of the fetus from the uterus.
21
Q
What are the three stages of labor?
A
- Stage of dilation
- Stage of expulsion
- Placental stage
22
Q
What is menopause?
A
The cessation of ovarian activity and diminished hormone production around age 50.
23
Q
What symptoms might women experience during menopause?
A
- Hot flashes
- Vaginal atrophy
24
Q
Fill in the blank: The area between the vaginal orifice and the anus is known as the _______.
A
Perineum.
25
What are external genitalia?
Sex, or reproductive, organs visible on the outside of the body; also called genitals
26
Define gestation.
Length of time from conception to birth
27
What is lactation?
Production and release of milk by mammary glands
28
What does orifice refer to?
Mouth; entrance, or outlet of any anatomical structure
29
What does 'amni/o' refer to?
Amnion
## Footnote
The amnion is the innermost membrane that encloses the embryo in the maternal uterus.
30
What does 'cervic/o' refer to?
Cervix
## Footnote
The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
31
What does 'colp/o' refer to?
Vagina
## Footnote
The vagina is a muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus.
32
What does 'vagin/o' refer to?
Vagina
## Footnote
This term is synonymous with 'colp/o' and refers to the same anatomical structure.
33
What does 'galact/o' refer to?
Milk
## Footnote
This term is often used in relation to lactation and mammary glands.
34
What does 'lact/o' refer to?
Milk
## Footnote
Similar to 'galact/o', this term pertains to milk production and breastfeeding.
35
What does 'gynec/o' refer to?
Woman, female
## Footnote
This prefix is used in medical terms related to female health.
36
What does 'hyster/o' refer to?
Uterus
## Footnote
This term is often used in discussions regarding uterine health or surgery.
37
What does 'metri/o' refer to?
Uterus
## Footnote
This is another term for the uterus, often used in medical nomenclature.
38
What does 'uter/o' refer to?
Uterus
## Footnote
This term is used interchangeably with 'hyster/o' and 'metri/o'.
39
What does 'mamm/o' refer to?
Breast
## Footnote
This term typically pertains to breast tissue and conditions related to it.
40
What does 'mast/o' refer to?
Breast
## Footnote
This is a synonym for 'mamm/o' relating to breast anatomy and pathology.
41
What does 'men/o' refer to?
Month, menstruation
## Footnote
This term is commonly used in relation to the menstrual cycle.
42
What does 'metr/o' refer to?
Uterus
## Footnote
Similar to 'metri/o', it refers to the uterus and is used in various medical contexts.
43
What does 'nat/o' refer to?
Birth
## Footnote
This term is often used in obstetrics to describe aspects related to childbirth.
44
What does 'oophor/o' refer to?
Ovary
## Footnote
This prefix relates to the female reproductive glands that produce eggs.
45
What does 'ovari/o' refer to?
Ovary
## Footnote
This term is synonymous with 'oophor/o' and refers to the same structure.
46
What does 'perine/o' refer to?
Perineum
## Footnote
The perineum is the area between the anus and genitals.
47
What does 'salping/o' refer to?
Fallopian tube
## Footnote
This term is used in contexts involving female reproductive anatomy.
48
What does the suffix '-arche' mean?
Beginning
## Footnote
This suffix is often used in terms related to the onset of a biological process.
49
What does the suffix '-cyesis' refer to?
Pregnancy
## Footnote
This term is used in medical terminology to denote a state of being pregnant.
50
What does the term 'gravida' refer to?
Pregnant woman
## Footnote
This term indicates the number of times a woman has been pregnant.
51
What does the term 'para' refer to?
To give birth
## Footnote
This term describes a woman who has given birth to one or more children.
52
What does the term 'salpinx' refer to?
Fallopian tube
## Footnote
This term is often used in medical contexts to describe the anatomy of the fallopian tubes.
53
What does the suffix '-tocia' refer to?
Labor, delivery
## Footnote
This suffix is used in terms related to the process of childbirth.
54
What does the term 'version' refer to?
Turning
## Footnote
This term is often used in obstetrics to describe the position of the fetus.
55
What does the prefix 'ante-' mean?
Before
## Footnote
This prefix is used to indicate something that occurs prior to a specific event.
56
What does the prefix 'dys-' mean?
Difficult, painful
## Footnote
This prefix is used to describe abnormal or painful conditions.
57
What does the prefix 'endo-' mean?
Within, inner
## Footnote
This prefix indicates something that is located inside or internal.
58
What does the prefix 'multi-' mean?
Many, multiple
## Footnote
This prefix is used to denote a large number or various instances.
59
What does the prefix 'post-' mean?
After
## Footnote
This prefix indicates something that occurs after a specified event.
60
What does the prefix 'primi-' mean?
First
## Footnote
This prefix is commonly used in obstetrics to denote a first occurrence.
61
-rrhagia
bursting forth
62
-ptosis
downward displacement
63
What can cause female reproductive disorders?
Infection, injury, or hormonal dysfunction
## Footnote
Some disorders may be mild and correct themselves over time, while others may require medical attention.
64
What are common signs and symptoms associated with sexually transmitted diseases?
Pain, itching, lesions, and discharge
## Footnote
These symptoms must not be ignored.
65
What is the purpose of regular pelvic examinations for women?
To identify pelvic abnormalities and diseases
## Footnote
Cytological and bacteriological specimens are usually obtained during these examinations.
66
What does gynecology (GYN) focus on?
Diseases of the female reproductive organs and breasts
## Footnote
Gynecology is a distinct branch of medicine.
67
What does obstetrics (OB) manage?
The health of a woman and her fetus during pregnancy and childbirth
## Footnote
This includes the puerperium, a period of adjustment after childbirth.
68
What is endometriosis?
Presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus
| Endometrial tissue can develop into implants, lesions, or growths.
## Footnote
This condition can cause pain, infertility, and other problems.
69
What is the most common malignancy of women in the United States?
Breast cancer
## Footnote
This disease is associated with ovarian hormonal function and other risk factors.
70
What is the purpose of the Pap test?
To detect cervical cancer before it becomes clinically evident
## Footnote
Abnormal results may lead to further examination through colposcopy.
71
What are the treatment options for cervical cancer?
* Surgery
* Radiation
* Chemotherapy
## Footnote
If left untreated, cervical cancer can metastasize and lead to death.
72
True or False: Untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia cause about 90% of all cases of PID.
True
## Footnote
Other causes include abortion, childbirth, and pelvic procedures.
73
Fill in the blank: The physician who practices both gynecology and obstetrics is called an _______.
obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN)
## Footnote
This highlights the overlap between the two specialties.
74
What is Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
a general term for inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and adjacent pelvic structures
75
What is atresia?
Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening, such as the vagina
## Footnote
Atresia can affect various body openings and is often present at birth.
76
Define choriocarcinoma.
Malignant neoplasm of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
## Footnote
Choriocarcinoma is a type of cancer that can arise from placental tissue.
77
What does dyspareunia refer to?
Occurrence of pain during sexual intercourse
## Footnote
Dyspareunia can have various causes, including physical and psychological factors.
78
What is endocervicitis?
Inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri
## Footnote
Endocervicitis can be caused by infections or irritants.
79
What are menstrual disorders?
Abnormal condition in the menstrual cycle; also called dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
## Footnote
Menstrual disorders can encompass a range of issues affecting menstrual regularity and flow.
80
What is amenorrhea?
Absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age
## Footnote
Amenorrhea can be caused by various factors, including pregnancy, hormonal imbalances, and stress.
81
Define dysmenorrhea.
Cramps or painful menstruation
## Footnote
Dysmenorrhea can be primary (not associated with pelvic disease) or secondary (due to an underlying condition).
82
What is menorrhagia?
Abnormally heavy, prolonged menstrual period
## Footnote
Menorrhagia can lead to anemia and may require medical evaluation.
83
What does metrorrhagia refer to?
Irregular uterine bleeding between menstrual periods or after menopause
## Footnote
Metrorrhagia can indicate underlying health issues and should be assessed by a healthcare provider.
84
What is oligomenorrhea?
Abnormally light or infrequent menstrual periods
## Footnote
Oligomenorrhea can result from hormonal imbalances or other health conditions.
85
What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
Symptoms that occur between ovulation and the onset of menstruation
## Footnote
PMS can include emotional and physical symptoms affecting daily life.
86
Define sterility.
Inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female
## Footnote
Sterility differs from infertility, which may allow for the possibility of pregnancy under certain conditions.
87
What are uterine fibroids?
Benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in the uterus; also called leiomyomas, myomas, or fibroids
## Footnote
Uterine fibroids can cause symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pain.
88
What is abortion (AB)?
Termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving on its own
## Footnote
Abortion can be spontaneous (miscarriage) or induced through medical procedures.
89
Define abruptio placentae.
Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor; also called placental abruption
## Footnote
Abruptio placentae can lead to serious complications for both mother and baby.
90
What is breech presentation?
A common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than the head
## Footnote
Breech presentation can complicate delivery and may require cesarean section.
91
What is Down syndrome?
Genetic condition in which there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy), altering physical and mental development of the child; also called trisomy 21
## Footnote
Down syndrome is associated with characteristic features and varying degrees of intellectual disability.
92
Define eclampsia.
The most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy
## Footnote
Eclampsia can occur after preeclampsia and involves seizures and severe complications.
93
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterine cavity
## Footnote
Types of ectopic pregnancy include abdominal pregnancy, ovarian pregnancy, and tubal pregnancy.
94
What is placenta previa?
An obstetric complication in which the placenta is attached close to or covers the cervical canal, resulting in bleeding during labor when the cervix dilates
## Footnote
Placenta previa can necessitate a cesarean delivery depending on its severity.
95
What is amniocentesis?
Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance using a needle and syringe to remove amniotic fluid
## Footnote
The needle's position is verified by ultrasound on a monitor screen.
96
What does chorionic villus sampling (CVS) involve?
Sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects
97
Define colposcopy.
Visual examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)
98
What is cordocentesis?
Diagnostic prenatal test in which a sample of the baby’s blood is removed from the umbilical cord for testing; also called percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)
99
What is the purpose of an endometrial biopsy?
Removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study
100
What is insufflation?
Delivery of pressurized air or gas into a cavity, chamber, or organ to allow visual examination, remove an obstruction, or apply medication
101
What is a Papanicolaou (Pap) test?
An exfoliative cytology test to detect abnormal cells that are scraped from the cervix, usually obtained during routine pelvic examination
102
What is pelvimetry?
Measurement of pelvic dimensions to determine whether the head of the fetus will be able to pass through the bony pelvis to allow vaginal delivery
103
Define hysterosalpingography (HSG).
Radiography and, usually, fluoroscopy of the uterus and uterine tubes (oviducts) following injection of a contrast medium
104
What is the purpose of mammography?
Radiographic examination of the breast to screen for breast cancer
105
What is transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS)?
Ultrasonography of the pelvic area performed with a probe inserted into the vagina
106
What does cerclage refer to?
Suturing of the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy
107
What is a cesarean section (C-section)?
Incision of the abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus
108
Define colpocleisis.
Surgical closure of the vaginal canal
109
What is conization?
Excision of a cone-shaped piece of tissue, such as mucosa of the cervix, for histological examination
110
What is cryosurgery?
Process of freezing tissue to destroy cells; also called cryocautery
111
What does dilation and curettage (D&C) involve?
Widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette
112
What is a hysterectomy?
Excision of the uterus
113
What is a subtotal hysterectomy?
Hysterectomy in which the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes remain
114
What is a total hysterectomy?
Hysterectomy in which the cervix is removed but the ovaries and fallopian tubes remain; also called complete hysterectomy
115
What is a total plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy?
Total hysterectomy, including removal of the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
116
Define laparoscopy.
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall
117
What is a lumpectomy?
Excision of a small primary breast tumor (or “lump”) and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
118
What does mammoplasty involve?
Surgical reconstruction of the breast(s) to change the size, shape, or position
119
Fill in the blank: Augmentation involves insertion of a breast prosthesis filled with _______.
silicone gel or saline
120
What is breast reduction?
Breast reduction to reduce the size of a large, pendulous breast
121
What is a mastectomy?
Removal of the breast
122
What is a total (simple) mastectomy?
Excision of the entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin
123
Define modified radical mastectomy.
Excision of the entire breast, including the lymph nodes in the underarm but with the chest muscles left intact
124
What is a radical mastectomy?
Excision of the entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and the chest wall muscles under the breast
125
What is reconstructive breast surgery?
Creation of a breast-shaped mound to replace a breast that has been removed as a result of cancer or other disease
126
What is tissue (skin) expansion?
Common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle
127
What is a transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap?
Surgical creation of a skin flap using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen, which is passed under the skin to the breast area
128
What is tubal ligation?
Procedure that ties (ligates) the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy
129
What is an intrauterine device (IUD)?
Small, T-shaped device inserted by a physician inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy
