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Med Term > Chapter 4: Body Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Body Structure Flashcards

1
Q

chromatin

A

The structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins

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2
Q

chromosome

A

Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carry hereditary information encoded in genes

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3
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides

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4
Q

metabolism

A

Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism

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5
Q

organelle

A

Cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion)

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6
Q

frontal plane

A

divides the body into front and back

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7
Q

midsagittal plane

A

divides the body into left and right

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8
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body into upper and lower sides

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9
Q

What is Abduction?

A

Movement away from the midline of the body.

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10
Q

What is Adduction?

A

Movement toward the midline of the body.

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11
Q

What does Medial mean?

A

Closer to the midline of the body.

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12
Q

What does Lateral mean?

A

Farther from the midline of the body.

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13
Q

What does Superior (cephalad) mean?

A

Above or higher in position.

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14
Q

What does Inferior (caudal) mean?

A

Below or lower in position.

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15
Q

What does Proximal mean?

A

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

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16
Q

What does Distal mean?

A

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

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17
Q

What does Anterior (ventral) mean?

A

Toward the front of the body.

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18
Q

What does Posterior (dorsal) mean?

A

Toward the back of the body.

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19
Q

What does Parietal mean?

A

Relating to the outer wall of a body cavity.

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20
Q

What does Visceral mean?

A

Relating to the internal organs.

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21
Q

What does Supine mean?

A

Lying on the back.

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22
Q

What is Inversion?

A

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

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23
Q

What is Eversion?

A

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

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24
Q

What does Palmar mean?

A

Relating to the palm of the hand.

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25
What does Plantar mean?
Relating to the sole of the foot.
26
What does Superficial mean?
Near the surface of the body.
27
What does Deep mean?
Farther from the surface of the body.
28
What does the term 'cyt/o' refer to?
Cell ## Footnote 'Cyt/o' is a prefix used in biological and medical terminology to denote cells.
29
What does the term 'hist/o' refer to?
Tissue ## Footnote 'Hist/o' is a prefix that indicates tissue in medical terminology.
30
What does the term 'kary/o' refer to?
Nucleus ## Footnote 'Kary/o' is a prefix that denotes the nucleus of a cell.
31
What does the term 'nucle/o' refer to?
Nucleus ## Footnote 'Nucle/o' is another prefix used to refer to the nucleus.
32
What does the term 'anter/o' refer to?
Front ## Footnote 'Anter/o' is used in anatomical terms to indicate the front side of the body.
33
What does the term 'caud/o' refer to?
Tail ## Footnote 'Caud/o' is a prefix used to indicate the tail or posterior part of an organism.
34
What does the term 'cephal/o' refer to?
Head ## Footnote 'Cephal/o' is commonly used in medical terminology to denote the head.
35
What does the term 'dist/o' refer to?
Far or distant ## Footnote 'Dist/o' is used to indicate a position away from the center of the body.
36
What does the term 'dors/o' refer to?
Back ## Footnote 'Dors/o' is a prefix that refers to the back side of the body.
37
What does the prefix 'infer/o' refer to?
Below or beneath ## Footnote Commonly used in medical terms to indicate a lower position.
38
What does the prefix 'later/o' mean?
Side ## Footnote Often used to describe the lateral position of body parts.
39
What does 'medi/o' signify?
Middle ## Footnote Used in terms relating to the midline of the body.
40
The prefix 'poster/o' indicates which direction?
Back ## Footnote Refers to the posterior aspect of the body.
41
What does the term 'proxim/o' refer to?
Near ## Footnote Used to describe a position closer to the trunk of the body.
42
What does 'ventr/o' mean?
Front or belly side ## Footnote Indicates the anterior aspect of the body.
43
What color does the prefix 'albin/o' represent?
White ## Footnote Commonly used in terms related to albinism.
44
What does 'leuk/o' indicate?
White ## Footnote Often associated with white blood cells.
45
What does the prefix 'chrom/o' mean?
Color ## Footnote Used in terms describing pigmentation.
46
The prefix 'cyan/o' refers to which color?
Blue ## Footnote Often used in medical terms describing cyanosis.
47
What does 'melan/o' signify?
Black ## Footnote Used in terms related to dark pigmentation.
48
What does the prefix 'poli/o' refer to?
Gray ## Footnote Often used in terms related to the gray matter of the brain.
49
What does 'radi/o' indicate?
Radiation or radius ## Footnote Used in terms relating to imaging techniques.
50
Define 'adhesion'.
Abnormal fibrous connection between tissues ## Footnote Can occur after surgery or injury.
51
What is 'edema'?
Swelling caused by fluid accumulation ## Footnote Commonly seen in various medical conditions.
52
What does 'febrile' mean?
Relating to fever ## Footnote Indicates a state of elevated body temperature.
53
Define 'gangrene'.
Tissue death due to lack of blood supply ## Footnote Often requires surgical intervention.
54
What is a 'hernia'?
Protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening ## Footnote Common types include inguinal and umbilical hernias.
55
What does 'inflammation' refer to?
Body's response to injury or infection ## Footnote Characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
56
Define 'mycosis'.
Fungal infection ## Footnote Can affect various body systems.
57
What does 'perforation' mean?
A hole that completely penetrates a structure ## Footnote Can occur in organs such as the intestine.
58
What is 'peritonitis'?
Inflammation of the peritoneum ## Footnote Often caused by infection or perforation.
59
What does 'rupture' refer to?
Breaking open or bursting of an organ or structure ## Footnote Can lead to serious complications.
60
Define 'septicemia'.
Blood poisoning by bacteria ## Footnote A serious and potentially life-threatening condition.
61
What does 'suppuration' mean?
Formation of pus ## Footnote Indicates infection or inflammation.
62
What are assessment techniques?
The sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient ## Footnote These techniques help in diagnosing conditions.
63
What is 'Auscultation'?
Listening to internal body sounds ## Footnote Commonly performed with a stethoscope.
64
Define 'Inspection' in a medical context.
Visual examination of the body ## Footnote Important for identifying abnormalities.
65
What does 'Palpation' involve?
Using hands to examine the body ## Footnote Helps assess size, shape, and tenderness of organs.
66
What is 'Percussion' in medical assessment?
Tapping on a surface to determine fluid in the underlying structure ## Footnote Useful for assessing lung and abdominal conditions.
67
What is 'Endoscopy'?
Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope ## Footnote Allows for direct observation and potential treatment.
68
What is a 'Blood Chemistry Analysis'?
Laboratory tests, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions ## Footnote Important for assessing organ function.
69
What is a 'Complete Blood Count (CBC)'?
Broad screening tests are used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases ## Footnote Includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
70
What does 'Computed Tomography (CT)' refer to?
An imaging technique that rotates an X-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles ## Footnote Provides cross-sectional images of the body.
71
What is 'Fluoroscopy'?
Technique in which X-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion ## Footnote Often used to observe moving body structures.
72
What does 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging' (MRI) utilize?
A technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues ## Footnote Produces detailed images of soft tissues.
73
What is a 'Nuclear Scan'?
A technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected), and a specialized camera (gamma camera) produces images of organs and structures ## Footnote Helps assess organ function and structure.
74
What is a 'Positron Emission Tomography' (PET)?
Computed tomography records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease ## Footnote Often used in oncology to detect cancer.
75
Define 'Radiography'.
Technique in which X-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called X-ray ## Footnote Commonly used for diagnosing fractures.
76
What is 'Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography' (SPECT)?
Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs ## Footnote Provides 3D images of blood flow.
77
What does 'Ultrasonography' utilize?
Sound waves to produce images of organs ## Footnote Commonly used in obstetrics and abdominal imaging.
78
What is a 'Biopsy'?
Removal of tissue for examination ## Footnote Important for diagnosing cancer and other conditions.
79
What is an 'Excisional biopsy'?
Removal of an entire lump or suspicious area ## Footnote Provides a complete sample for analysis.
80
Define 'Incisional biopsy'.
Removal of a portion of a lesion ## Footnote Useful when complete removal is not feasible.
81
What does 'Ablation' refer to?
Removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF) ## Footnote Often used in cancer treatment.
82
What is 'Anastomosis'?
Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another ## Footnote Commonly performed in digestive or vascular surgeries.
83
Define 'Curettage'.
Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet) ## Footnote Often used in gynecological procedures.
84
What is 'Electrocauterization'?
Use of electric current to cut or coagulate tissue ## Footnote Commonly used in surgeries to control bleeding.
85
What does 'Incision and drainage' involve?
Surgical procedure to cut open and drain fluid ## Footnote Typically used for abscesses.
86
What is 'Laser surgery'?
Use of focused light to remove diseased tissue ## Footnote Minimally invasive and often results in less bleeding.
87
What is meant by 'Revision' in a surgical context?
Surgical procedure to correct or improve a previous operation ## Footnote Often performed to address complications or failures.

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