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Med Term > Chapter 11: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Define bladder neck obstruction (BNO)

A

Blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra

BNO can lead to urinary retention and infections.

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2
Q

Define filtrate.

A

Fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman’s capsule

Filtrate contains water, electrolytes, and small molecules.

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3
Q

Define fistula in a medical context.

A

Abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another

Fistulas can occur due to injury, surgery, or inflammatory disease.

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4
Q

Define interstitial cystitis (IC).

A

Chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy

IC is also known as painful bladder syndrome.

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5
Q

Define plasma.

A

The liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes

Plasma contains water, electrolytes, nutrients, and proteins.

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6
Q

Define pyelonephritis.

A

Infection of the kidney, usually the result of an infection that begins in the urethra or bladder and ascends the ureters to the kidney

Pyelonephritis can cause severe kidney damage if not treated promptly.

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7
Q

Define vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).

A

Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to valve impairment or obstruction in the ureter

VUR can lead to recurrent UTIs and kidney damage.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: An electrolyte is a _______ that carries an electrical charge.

A

Mineral salt

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The product of protein metabolism that includes urea and ammonia is known as _______.

A

nitrogenous waste

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10
Q

How are asymptomatic urinary diseases typically found?

A

Through routine urinalysis that identifies abnormalities.

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11
Q

How do the kidneys contribute to urine formation?

A

They remove waste products from plasma as they form urine.

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12
Q

True or False: The peritoneum is a type of muscle tissue.

A

False

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13
Q

What anatomical structure does ‘meat/o’ refer to?

A

Meatus

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14
Q

What are common causes of ischemic ATN?

A

Circulatory collapse, severe hypotension, hemorrhage, dehydration.

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15
Q

What are common signs and symptoms of bladder cancer?

A
  • Hematuria
  • Frequency
  • Dysuria
  • Abdominal or back pain.
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16
Q

What are common signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis?

A

High blood pressure (hypertension), edema, impaired renal function.

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17
Q

What are nonspecific signs and symptoms of ATN?

A
  • Scanty urine production (oliguria)
  • Fluid retention
  • Mental apathy
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Increased blood levels of calcium (hypercalcemia).
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18
Q

What are other treatment options for bladder cancer?

A
  • Biological therapy (immunotherapy)
  • Chemotherapy (intravenous or intravesical)
  • Radiation therapy.
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19
Q

What are peristaltic waves?

A

A sequence of rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow

Peristalsis is crucial in the digestive system.

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20
Q

What are some causes of glomerulonephritis?

A
  • Bacterial endocarditis
  • Viral infections
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Reaction to toxins from pathogenic bacteria.
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21
Q

What are the causes of urinary system disorders?

A

Congenital anomalies, infectious diseases, trauma, conditions that secondarily involve urinary structures.

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22
Q

What are the four sections of the renal tubule?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal tubule
  • Collecting tubule
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23
Q

What are the indicators of glomerulonephritis found in urinalysis?

A

Protein in urine (proteinuria), blood in urine (hematuria), bacteria in urine (bacteruria).

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24
Q

What are the three physiological functions of the nephron in urine production?

A

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

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25
What are the two types of bladder cancer?
* Transitional cell carcinoma * Adenocarcinoma.
26
What conditions can IVP detect?
* Kidney stones * Enlarged prostate * Internal injuries after an accident or trauma * Tumors in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
27
What diagnostic tests are used for bladder cancer?
* Cystoscopy with biopsy * Urine cytology.
28
What does '-iasis' signify in a medical context?
Condition or disease
29
What does 'azot/o' signify in medical terminology?
Nitrogen
30
What does electromyography (EMG) measure?
Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
31
What does end-stage renal disease (ESRD) refer to?
Any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival ## Footnote ESRD is the final stage of chronic kidney disease.
32
What does 'glomerul/o' pertain to?
Glomerulus
33
What does 'kal/i' represent?
Potassium
34
What does 'keton/o' signify in medical terms?
Ketone bodies
35
What does 'nephr/o' denote?
Kidney
36
What does nephrology specifically focus on?
Diseases of the kidney, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, dialysis therapy.
37
What does 'noct/o' refer to?
Night
38
What does 'olig/o' mean in medical terminology?
Few or scanty
39
What does pH represent?
Symbol that expresses the alkalinity or acidity of a solution ## Footnote A solution with a pH of 7.0 is neutral, greater than 7.0 is alkaline, and less than 7.0 is acidic.
40
What does 'py/o' denote?
Pus
41
What does 'pyel/o' refer to?
Renal pelvis
42
What does 'ren/o' signify?
Kidney
43
What does the Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test evaluate?
Helps evaluate kidney function by determining the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea
44
What does the combining form 'albumin/o' refer to?
Albumin
45
What does the combining form 'cyst/o' denote?
Bladder or cyst
46
What does the combining form 'lith/o' refer to?
Stone
47
What does the prefix 'dia-' mean?
Through or across
48
What does the prefix 'retro-' denote?
Back or behind
49
What does the suffix '-genesis' mean?
Formation or production
50
What does the suffix '-uria' refer to?
Urine condition
51
What does 'ur/o' signify?
Urine or urinary tract
52
What does 'ureter/o' denote?
Ureter
53
What does 'urethr/o' refer to?
Urethra
54
What does urinalysis (UA) include?
Urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
55
What does urinary tract infection (UTI) refer to?
An infection, typically of bacterial origin, in any part of the urinary tract, including kidneys, bladder, or urethra ## Footnote UTIs can lead to serious complications if left untreated.
56
What does 'vesic/o' refer to in anatomy?
Bladder or vesicle
57
What does voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) involve?
X-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium
58
What happens during the reabsorption stage in the nephron?
Most water and some electrolytes and amino acids reenter the circulating blood through the peritubular capillaries.
59
What hormone do the kidneys secrete, and what is its function?
Erythropoietin; it stimulates production of red blood cells when blood oxygen levels are low.
60
What is a bladder ultrasound?
A noninvasive, painless test that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the bladder before and after urination
61
What is a cystocele?
Prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between the bladder and vagina ## Footnote Cystocele can cause urinary incontinence and pelvic pressure.
62
What is a kidney transplant?
Replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor
63
What is a nephrologist?
A physician who practices in the field of nephrology.
64
What is a neurogenic bladder?
Impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord, or nerve damage ## Footnote This condition can affect the ability to store or release urine.
65
What is a renal nuclear scan?
Nuclear imaging test using a radioactive substance (tracer) injected intravenously to produce images of the kidneys
66
What is a Wilms tumor?
Rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney that usually occurs in children; also called nephroblastoma ## Footnote Wilms tumor is one of the most common types of kidney cancer in children.
67
What is acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
Injury to the tubular portion of the nephron due to toxic drugs or decreased blood supply.
68
What is an electrolyte?
Mineral salt of the body that carries an electrical charge and regulates nerve impulses, muscle contraction, hydration, and blood pH ## Footnote Electrolytes include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
69
What is anuria?
Absence of urine production or output ## Footnote Anuria can indicate severe kidney dysfunction or failure.
70
What is bladder cancer's ranking among cancers in men and women?
Fourth most common cancer in men, eighth most common in women.
71
What is cystoscopy (cysto)?
Examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, to obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, or to remove polyps
72
What is dialysis?
A filtering procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from the blood and correct electrolyte imbalances
73
What is enuresis?
Involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence ## Footnote Nocturnal enuresis occurs at night, while diurnal enuresis occurs during the day.
74
What is glomerulonephritis?
An inflammation of the glomerular membrane in the nephrons.
75
What is hemodialysis?
Dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine filters waste-filled blood and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient’s bloodstream
76
What is hydronephrosis?
Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys caused by pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction ## Footnote Hydronephrosis can lead to kidney damage if left untreated.
77
What is intravenous pyelography (IVP)?
Imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography
78
What is meant by urgency in a medical context?
Sensation of the need to void immediately ## Footnote Urgency can be a symptom of various urinary disorders.
79
What is micturition?
The process of expelling urine through the urethra.
80
What is nephrostomy?
An opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine through a tube when the ureters are unable to do so
81
What is nephrotic syndrome?
Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to increased permeability of the glomerular membrane ## Footnote Nephrotic syndrome can lead to edema and increased risk of infections.
82
What is nitrogenous waste?
Product of protein metabolism that includes urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia ## Footnote Nitrogenous waste is excreted through urine.
83
What is peritoneal dialysis?
Dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter
84
What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?
An inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys ## Footnote PKD can lead to kidney failure and other complications.
85
What is secreted during the secretion stage of urine formation?
Waste products such as ammonia, uric acid, and metabolic products of medications.
86
What is the function of the ureters?
To carry urine in peristaltic waves to the bladder.
87
What is the hilum of the kidney?
An opening through which the renal artery enters and the renal vein exits.
88
What is the meaning of 'bacteri/o'?
Bacteria
89
What is the pathway of urine from the kidneys to excretion?
Kidneys → Ureters → Urinary Bladder → Urethra.
90
What is the peritoneum?
Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity ## Footnote The peritoneum supports the abdominal organs and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels.
91
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
Regulation of the extracellular fluids of the body (primarily plasma and tissue fluid).
92
What is the purpose of culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing?
Determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
93
What is the role of peristaltic waves in the digestive system?
To force material forward and prevent backflow ## Footnote This process aids in the movement of food through the digestive tract.
94
What is the triangular area at the base of the urinary bladder formed by the openings of the ureters and urethra called?
Trigone.
95
What is the typical treatment for urinary stones?
Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).
96
What is transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)?
A procedure using electric current or high-energy laser to destroy malignant tissue.
97
What is ureteral stent placement?
Insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
98
What is urolithiasis?
The formation of stones (calculi) in any part of the urinary tract.
99
What is urology?
The branch of medicine concerned with urinary disorders and diseases of the male reproductive system.
100
What occurs during the filtration stage in the nephron?
Water, electrolytes, sugar, and small molecules in blood plasma pass into the Bowman capsule to form filtrate.
101
What structures make up the urinary system?
Two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
102
What symptoms are commonly present in urinary disorders?
Changes in urination pattern, changes in output, pain during urination (dysuria).
103
What tests are used to identify disorders of the urinary system?
Endoscopic tests, radiological evaluations, laboratory tests evaluating renal function.
104
What treatment is required for advanced bladder cancers?
Cystectomy (removal of the bladder).
105
What type of bladder cancer accounts for 95% of cases in the U.S.?
Transitional cell carcinoma.
106
What type of wastes do the kidneys primarily eliminate?
Nitrogenous wastes and excess electrolytes.
107
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
In the abdominal cavity slightly above the waistline.
108
Where do most urinary stones commonly form?
In the kidney (nephrolithiasis).
109
Where does urine go after leaving the collecting tubule?
It enters the renal pelvis.
110
Who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders?
A urologist.
111
Why must nitrogenous products be continuously eliminated by the kidneys?
They are toxic, and failure to eliminate them can lead to death within a few days.

Med Term (15 decks)

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